Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non–High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk

Journal of the American Heart Association, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(20)

Published: Oct. 11, 2022

In 2019, the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis stated that apolipoprotein B (apoB) was a more accurate marker cardiovascular risk than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density cholesterol. Since then, evidence has continued to mount in favor apoB. This review explicates physiological mechanisms responsible for superiority apoB as attributable atherogenic particles chylomicron remnants, very lipoprotein, particles. First, nature relative numbers these different will be outlined. make clear why are almost always major determinants concentrations triglycerides LDL-C may obscure this relation. Next, govern number outlined because, except dysbetalipoproteinemia, total determines risk, Then, mass within reviewed because discordance between particles, measured either or cholesterol, apoB, which creates superior predictive power over Finally, dyslipoproteinemias briefly Our objective is provide framework health care givers understand

Language: Английский

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DNA methylation levels may contribute to severe hypertriglyceridemia in multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome

Clinical Biochemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 135, P. 110873 - 110873

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Metabolism-Related Adipokines and Metabolic Diseases: Their Role in Osteoarthritis

Journal of Inflammation Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 1207 - 1233

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects several joints but tends to be more prevalent in those that are weight-bearing, such as the knees, which most heavily loaded body. The incidence and disability rates of OA have continued increase seriously jeopardise quality life middle-aged older adults. However, is than just a wear tear disease; its aetiology complex, pathogenesis poorly understood. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has emerged critical driver development. This condition contributes formation distinct phenotype, termed metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis (MetS-OA),which differs from other metabolically related diseases by unique pathophysiological mechanisms clinical presentation. As key mediators MetS, adipokines leptin, lipocalin, resistin regulate inflammation bone metabolism through or synergistic signaling pathways. Their modulation inflammatory responses remodeling processes plays role progression OA. Due their central regulating remodeling, not only deepen our understanding MetS-OA also represent promising targets for novel therapeutic strategies could slow disease improve outcomes affected patients.

Language: Английский

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Management of Dyslipidemia in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Current Atherosclerosis Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 533 - 546

Published: May 4, 2022

Abstract Purpose of Review Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often considered as the hepatic manifestation metabolic syndrome, represent a population at high cardiovascular risk and frequently suffer from atherogenic dyslipidemia. This article reviews pathogenic interrelationship between NAFLD dyslipidemia, elucidates underlying pathophysiological mechanisms focuses on management approaches for dyslipidemic patients NAFLD. Recent Findings Atherogenic dyslipidemia in results peripheral insulin resistance along associated alterations glucose lipoprotein metabolism, gut dysbiosis, genetic factors. Summary Since share bi-directional relationship are both major driving forces atherosclerotic (ASCVD) development, early detection adequate treatment warranted. Thus, integrative screening programs urgently needed. A stepwise approach includes (i) characterization phenotype, (ii) individual stratification, (iii) definition targets, (iv) lifestyle modification, (v) pharmacotherapy if indicated.

Language: Английский

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Biological and bioactive components of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina leaf): Insight on health and nutritional benefits. A review

Food Chemistry Advances, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3, P. 100488 - 100488

Published: Oct. 18, 2023

Recently, significant attention has been paid to the biologically active substances in plants that aid preventing, treating or delaying diseases brought on by inflammatory and oxidative processes. There is scientific evidence support use of plant extracts traditional medicines treat bacterial, protozoal, helminthic illnesses. From leaf Vernonia amygdalina also, phytochemicals have identified extracted, including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, xanthones, anthraquinones, oxalate saponins. This article provides a comprehensive overview bioactive components bitter how they contribute its medicinal properties. Its health benefits; ability lower cholesterol levels, it's anticancer antioxidant properties as well potential natural remedy for diabetes are also discussed. Conclusively, underscores significance drinking juice effects it wellness.

Language: Английский

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Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, remnant-cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Current Opinion in Lipidology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(3), P. 105 - 113

Published: March 14, 2023

Purpose of review Despite indisputable role LDL-C lowering, a considerable residual risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) persists. The precise mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) appear to be one the main mediators, based on genetic and epidemiologic data. However, whether is caused by direct effects Triglycerides or other components TRL remains uncertain. cholesterol component remnants (Rem-C) has been proposed as more pertinent mediator increased associated with high triglycerides. Recent findings Several long-term observational studies have shown significant relationship between Rem-C ASCVD events, compared triglyceride-related parameters. trials that lowering triglyceride levels various agents, including fibrates omega-3 fatty acids, in statin-treated subjects, did not explain reduction events. In large clinical trial pemafibrate, highly selective PPAR-α agonist, type 2 diabetes elevated triglycerides, triglycerides was accompanied increase Apo-B levels, despite Rem-C, no effect Summary Elevated determinant, at goal, requires additional trials. Standardization accuracy assays (calculated versus method) also needed.

Language: Английский

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Polymorphic short tandem repeats make widespread contributions to blood and serum traits

Cell Genomics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(12), P. 100458 - 100458

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are genomic regions consisting of repeated sequences 1-6 bp in succession. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome-wide association studies (GWASs) do not fully capture STR effects. To study these effects, we imputed 445,720 STRs into genotype arrays from 408,153 White British UK Biobank participants and tested for with 44 blood phenotypes. Using two fine-mapping methods, identify 119 candidate causal STR-trait associations estimate that account 5.2%-7.6% variants identifiable GWASs traits. These among the strongest multiple phenotypes, including a coding CTG repeat associated apolipoprotein B levels, promoter CGG platelet traits, an intronic poly(A) mean volume. Our suggests make widespread contributions to complex provides stringently selected STRs, demonstrates need consider more complete view genetic variation GWASs.

Language: Английский

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LOX-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Molecular and Clinical Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(10), P. 5276 - 5276

Published: May 12, 2024

LOX-1, ORL-1, or lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds and internalizes ox-LDL in foam cells. LOX-1 the main for lipoproteins (ox-LDL). The LDL comes from food intake circulates through bloodstream. belongs to scavenger receptors (SR), which are associated with various cardiovascular diseases. most important severe of these formation atherosclerotic plaques intimal layer endothelium. These can evolve into complicated thrombi participation fibroblasts, activated platelets, apoptotic muscle cells, macrophages transformed This process causes changes vascular endothelial homeostasis, leading partial total obstruction lumen blood vessels. result oxygen deprivation heart. Recently, has been involved other pathologies, such as obesity diabetes mellitus. However, development atherosclerosis relevant due its relationship cerebrovascular accidents heart attacks. In this review, we will summarize findings related physiologic pathophysiological processes support detection, diagnosis, prevention those

Language: Английский

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From Atherosclerotic Plaque to Myocardial Infarction—The Leading Cause of Coronary Artery Occlusion

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(13), P. 7295 - 7295

Published: July 2, 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes the most common cause of death worldwide. In Europe alone, approximately 4 million people die annually due to CVD. The leading component CVD mortality is myocardial infarction (MI). MI classified into several types. Type 1 associated with atherosclerosis, type 2 results from inadequate oxygen supply cardiomyocytes, 3 defined as sudden cardiac death, while types and 5 are procedures such percutaneous coronary intervention artery bypass grafting, respectively. Of particular note 1, which also frequently occurring form MI. Factors predisposing its occurrence include, among others, high levels low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood, cigarette smoking, chronic kidney (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). primary objective this review elucidate issues regard Our paper delves into, amidst other aspects, pathogenesis, risk assessment, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, interventional treatment options both acute long-term conditions.

Language: Английский

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Novel RNA-Based Therapies in the Management of Dyslipidemias

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 1026 - 1026

Published: Jan. 25, 2025

Pharmaceutical advancements and an improved understanding of pathophysiology have enabled innovative therapies for chronic conditions like dyslipidemia. This condition is marked by abnormalities in lipid homeostasis. Nucleic acid therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides small interfering RNAs, are novel management strategies that silence genes targeting mRNA. Antisense modify mRNA to inhibit protein production, whereas RNAs induce degradation via the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), thus offering promising treatments dyslipidemia atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Chemical modifications improve their stability targeting. RNA-based PCSK9, Lp(a), ApoC-III, ANGPTL3 hold transformative potential treating effectively. article discusses latest data from completed ongoing trials on RNA dyslipidemia, inclisiran, pelacarsen, olpasiran, zerlasiran, lepodisiran, volanesorsen, olezarsen, plozasiran, zodasiran, solbinsiran. Each therapy targets specific molecules while also significantly impacting other parameters. The results these indicate improvements risk reduction, with studies expected further refine role agents effective management.

Language: Английский

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