The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 1693 - 1787

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels endurance strength elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding signal integration, interpretation, output coordination cellular molecular mechanisms that govern plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods their application largely rely on “trial-and-error” approach, experience practices successful coaches often providing bases for “post hoc” scientific enquiry research. This review provides synopsis morphological functional changes along underlying adaptation endurance- resistance-based training. These traits are placed in context innate genetic interindividual differences performance, special consideration given aging athletes. Collectively, we provide comprehensive overview response different modes how such adaptations translate “molecules medals.”

Language: Английский

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Current evidence shows no influence of women's menstrual cycle phase on acute strength performance or adaptations to resistance exercise training

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: March 23, 2023

Introduction The bias towards excluding women from exercise science research is often due to the assumption that cyclical fluctuations in reproductive hormones influence resistance performance and exercise-induced adaptations. Methods Hence, purpose of this umbrella review was examine critically evaluate evidence meta-analyses systematic reviews on menstrual cycle phase acute chronic adaptations training (RET). Results We observed highly variable findings among published ostensible effects female sex relevant RET-induced outcomes, including strength, performance, hypertrophy. Discussion highlight importance comprehensive verification methods, as we noted a pattern poor inconsistent methodological practices literature. In our opinion, it premature conclude short-term appreciably or longer-term strength hypertrophic RET.

Language: Английский

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Resistance training prescription for muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(18), P. 1211 - 1220

Published: July 6, 2023

Objective To determine how distinct combinations of resistance training prescription (RTx) variables (load, sets and frequency) affect muscle strength hypertrophy. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web Science were searched until February 2022. Eligibility criteria Randomised trials that included healthy adults, compared at least 2 predefined conditions (non-exercise control (CTRL) 12 RTx, differentiated by load, and/or weekly frequency), reported hypertrophy included. Analyses Systematic review Bayesian network meta-analysis methodology was used to compare RTxs CTRL. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve values rank conditions. Confidence assessed with threshold analysis. Results The 178 studies (n=5097; women=45%). 119 (n=3364; women=47%). All superior CTRL for Higher-load (>80% single repetition maximum) prescriptions maximised gains, all comparably promoted While calculated effects many similar, higher-load, multiset, thrice-weekly (standardised mean difference (95% credible interval); 1.60 (1.38 1.82) vs CTRL) highest-ranked RTx strength, twice-weekly (0.66 (0.47 0.85) Threshold analysis demonstrated these results extremely robust. Conclusion no exercise. involved higher loads, whereas multiple sets. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021259663 CRD42021258902.

Language: Английский

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Menstrual cycle hormones and oral contraceptives: a multimethod systems physiology-based review of their impact on key aspects of female physiology

Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 135(6), P. 1284 - 1299

Published: Oct. 12, 2023

Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into follicular and luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) placebo Although there are some MC-based effects on various physiological outcomes, we found these differences relatively subtle difficult to attribute specific hormones, as estrogen progesterone fluctuate rather than operating in a complete on/off pattern observed cellular or preclinical models often used substantiate human data. A broad review reveals that between phases OC not associated with marked exercise performance appear unlikely influence muscular hypertrophy response resistance training. systematic meta-analysis of substrate oxidation MC revealed no difference relative carbohydrate fat at rest during acute aerobic exercise. Vascular also small nonexistent. OCs can vary composition androgenicity, acknowledge much more work remains be done this area; however, based what little evidence is currently available, do find compelling support for notion use significantly influences performance, oxidation, hypertrophy. It important note study females requires better methodological control many areas. Previous studies lacking such rigor contributed premature incorrect conclusions regarding systemic hormones outcomes. While certain research areas limited, consensus view impact aspects physiology

Language: Английский

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Exercise-Specific Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle: Molecular Mechanisms of Making Muscles Fit and Mighty

Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 223, P. 341 - 356

Published: Aug. 13, 2024

The mechanisms leading to a predominantly hypertrophied phenotype versus oxidative phenotype, the hallmarks of resistance training (RT) or aerobic (AT), respectively, are being unraveled. In humans, exposure naïve persons either AT RT results in their skeletal muscle exhibiting generic 'exercise stress-related' signaling, transcription, and translation responses. However, with increasing engagement RT, responses become refined, typically associated each form exercise emerges. Here, we review some underpinning adaptations how muscles become, through AT, 'fit' 'mighty.' Much our understanding molecular physiology has arisen from targeted analysis post-translational modifications measures protein synthesis. Phosphorylation specific residue sites been dominant focus, canonical signaling pathways (AMPK mTOR) studied extensively context respectively. These alone, along synthesis, have only begun elucidate key differences signaling. Still, yet uncharacterized exist regulation synthesis that drive unique adaptation RT. Omic studies required better understand divergent relationship between phenotypic outcomes training.

Language: Английский

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The impact of different exercise modalities on chronic kidney disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

Exercise is widely recognized for its benefits to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the specific impact of different exercise modalities on CKD-related outcomes remains unclear. This study sought summarize effects main impacted by CKD. We searched systematic review with meta-analysis in PubMed, Embase, Web Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. evaluated methodological quality included studies AMSTAR2 tool individually evaluating heterogeneity, sample power, statistical significances from meta-analyses. 44 meta-analyses, encompassing 35,432 CKD patients pre-dialysis dialysis stages (peritoneal hemodialysis). Data meta-analyses highly suggestive or strong evidence grading suggests that aerobic combined training were most effective improving cardiorespiratory fitness (main effect: 2.1, 95% CI: 0.8-3.4, 3.4; 2.4-4.6, respectively). Combined showed a consistent benefit psychosocial domains -7.3; -9.31 -53). All significantly improve functional performance, except isometric training, which just fistula maturation 0.84; 0.5-1.2). emerges as potential non-pharmacological therapy Tailoring appears be crucial, exhibit varying effectiveness.

Language: Английский

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Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 59 - 59

Published: Jan. 16, 2025

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, is linked to physical disability, metabolic dysfunction, an increased risk mortality. Exercise therapy currently acknowledged as a viable approach for addressing sarcopenia. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms behind exercise training or activity remain poorly understood. The disruption mitochondrial homeostasis implicated in pathogenesis effectively delays onset sarcopenia significantly maintaining homeostasis, including promoting mitophagy, improving biogenesis, balancing dynamics, redox. Exerkines (e.g., adipokines, myokines, hepatokines, osteokines), signaling molecules released response training, may potentially contribute skeletal metabolism through ameliorating reducing inflammation, regulating protein synthesis defense against Methods: In this review, we provide detailed summary exercise-induced exerkines confer their benefit, with particular focus on impact context Results: induces substantial adaptations muscle, mass, improved regeneration hypertrophy, elevated hormone release, enhanced function. An expanding body research highlights that have potential regulate processes such autophagy, redox balance. These maintenance thereby supporting health. Conclusions: Through comprehensive investigation within mitochondria, reveals new insights into key exercise-protective sensors combating

Language: Английский

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The correlation between serum alkaline phosphatase and grip strength in middle-aged and elderly people: NHANES 2011–2014

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1)

Published: Feb. 25, 2025

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays a crucial role in bone and muscle health. Previous studies have demonstrated that serum is closely associated with mass. Nevertheless, the association between grip strength remains unclear. Therefore, present study focused on exploring of ALP middle-aged elderly people. We conducted cross-sectional using data from National Health Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014. A total 3514 participants (1891 males 1623 females) aged 40–80 years were included this study. pelvic analyzed as independent dependent variables, additional variables possible impact modifiers. weighted generalized linear models stratified analysis by gender, age group, race applied assess relationship strength. Smooth curve fitting threshold effect analysis/saturation used analyze nonlinear 2 variables. In gender-stratified subgroup analysis, we observed an inverse both male female. When remained significant among 40–59 age, but not those ≥ 60 old. race, Non-Hispanic White Black. It noteworthy showed negative correlation female years, years. Additionally, had over inflection points are 54 IU 97 respectively. Our revealed strength, finding offers new insights avenues for understanding how affects skeletal

Language: Английский

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Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-free and Skeletal Muscle Loss with GLP-1 RA Treatments

Journal of the Endocrine Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(11)

Published: Sept. 24, 2024

Abstract During weight loss, reductions in body mass are commonly described using molecular components (eg, fat and fat-free [FFM]) or tissues organs adipose tissue skeletal muscle). While often conflated, distinctions between established by different levels of the 5-level model composition—which partitions according to atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue/organ, whole-body level—are essential recall when interpreting composition loss. A contemporary area clinical research interest that demonstrates importance these concepts is discussion surrounding changes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), particularly regard FFM muscle mass. The present article emphasizes fundamental principles experienced during a particular focus on GLP-1RA drug trials. potential for obligatory loss due distribution from distinct also discussed. Finally, selected countermeasures combat muscle, namely resistance exercise training increased protein intake, presented. Collectively, considerations may allow enhanced clarity conceptualizing, discussing, seeking influence

Language: Английский

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The effect of periodic resistance training on obese patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

Abstract Resistance training is an exercise against resistance designed to train the endurance and strength of muscle. To observe effect intervention periodic on obese patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. A total 60 nephropathy were randomized into group aerobic (30 each group) for observing changes blood glucose, body weight, lipid, insulin resistance, serum creatinine (Scr), urinary microalbumin, albumin excretion rate (UAER) calculated by creatinine, glomerular filtration (GFR) after 12 weeks intervention, relevant significance as well. The number hypoglycemia during was also recorded. After Body mass index (BMI), Waist, Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), Fasting glucose (FBG), (FINS), Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) urine Albumin–Creatinine Ratio (uACR) decreased GFR increased in both groups (P < 0.05), but more significant group. from 92.21 ± 10.67 mL/(min·1.73 m ) 100.13 12.99 0.05). In group, 89.98 9.48 92.51 11.35 > Periodic can not only control sugar lipid nephropathy, improve early delay progression It effective non-drug intervention.

Language: Английский

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