Unraveling the Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Diseases

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 2333 - 2333

Published: Nov. 15, 2024

The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Bacteria give genes enzymes for microbial host-produced compounds, establishing symbiotic link between the external environment host at both systemic levels. microbiome, which primarily made up commensal critical maintaining healthy host's immune system, aiding digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients, protecting against pathogenic as well influencing endocrine, neural, humoral, immunological functions metabolic pathways. Qualitative, quantitative, and/or topographic shifts can alter resulting in dysbiosis dysfunction, contribute to variety noncommunicable illnesses, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel cancer, irritable syndrome. While most evidence date observational does not establish direct causation, ongoing clinical trials advanced genomic techniques are steadily enhancing our understanding these intricate interactions. This review will explore key aspects relationship microbiota, eubiosis, health highlighting emerging strategies microbiome engineering potential therapeutic approaches various conditions.

Language: Английский

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Influence of selected dosages of plastic microparticles on the porcine fecal microbiome

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

Abstract Studies conducted so far have shown that nano- and microplastic may disturb the intestinal microenvironment by interacting with epithelium gut microbiota. Depending on research model used, effect microbiome is different—an increase or decrease in selected taxa resulting development of dysbiosis. Dysbiosis be associated inflammation, mental disorders diabetes. The aim study was to analyze 15 gilts divided into 3 groups (n = 5; control group, receiving micropartices at a dose 0.1 g/day (LD) 1 (HD)). Feaces were collected before after 28 days exposure PET microplastics. analysis performed using next-generation sequencing. Alpha beta diversity indices compared, showing, repetition affected only abundance LD groups, but not HD group. relationships between number reads phylum, genus species level calculated statistical methods ( r -Pearson correlation, generalized regression model, variance). revealed, populations Family XIII AD3011 group , Coprococcus V9D2013 UCG-010 Sphaerochaeta increased increasing MP-PET dose. above-mentioned are mainly responsible for production short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). It assumed, SCFA one mechanisms involved response oral MP-PET.

Language: Английский

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Local and systemic effects of microplastic particles through cell damage, release of chemicals and drugs, dysbiosis, and interference with the absorption of nutrients

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 30

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

Microplastic particles (MPs) have been detected in a variety of environmental samples, including soil, water, food, and air. Cellular studies animal exposures reported that exposure to MPs composed different polymers might result adverse effects at the portal entry (local) or throughout body (systemic). The most relevant routes particle uptake into are oral respiratory exposure. This review describes various processes may contribute MPs. Only up 5 µm were found cross epithelial barriers significant extent. However, also exert detrimental impact on human health by acting barrier within lumen orogastrointestinal tract. potential for resulting from leaching, sorption, desorption chemicals, as well nutritional status dysbiosis, reviewed.

Language: Английский

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New Insights in Microplastic Cellular Uptake Through a Cell-Based Organotypic Rainbow-Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Intestinal Platform

Cells, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 44 - 44

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

Microplastics (MPs) in fish can cross the intestinal barrier and are often bioaccumulated several tissues, causing adverse effects. While impacts of MPs on well documented, mechanisms their cellular internalization remain unclear. A rainbow-trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) platform, comprising proximal distal epithelial cells cultured an Alvetex scaffold, was exposed to 50 mg/L (size 1–5 µm) for 2, 4, 6 h. MP uptake faster RTpi-MI compared RTdi-MI. Exposure microplastics compromised integrity by disrupting tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1, inducing significant decreases transepithelial-electrical-resistance (TEER) values. Consequently, were internalized fibroblasts. The expression genes related endocytosis (cltca, cav1), macropinocytosis (rac1), tight junctions’ formation (oclna, cldn3a, ZO-1) analyzed. No differences observed cltca, oclna, cldn3a expression, while upregulation cav1, rac1, ZO-1 detected, suggesting as route internalization, since also cav1 indirectly this mechanism. obtained results consistent with data previously reported vivo, confirming its validity identifying pathways. This could help develop strategies mitigate absorption through ingestion.

Language: Английский

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Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastic Differentially Affects the Colon and Liver in Adult Male Mice

Environmental Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 18, 2025

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as novel environmental pollutant. Their ubiquity in natural environments and the global dissemination of plastic particles through food drink led to oral ingestion these by all kinds living organism. In this investigation, male mice were subjected exposure 2 μm virgin PS‐MPs for 6 weeks. To accomplish this, 36 adult NMRI gavaged with at concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg body weight. A control group was also accounted for, which received 0.1 mL distilled water. The results show that activity antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) decreased, while level malondialdehyde increased colon liver. Additionally, findings showed can disrupt integrity intestinal barrier inhibit secretion mucus mice, mucin secretion, cause changes tissue structure Further information regarding toxicity MPs a terrestrial organism obtained study, assist evaluation potential health hazards may pose organisms.

Language: Английский

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Unraveling the Impact of Micro- and Nano-sized Polymethyl methacrylate on Gut Microbiota and Liver Lipid Metabolism: Insights from Oral Exposure Studies

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 126157 - 126157

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Nanoplastic exposure affects the intestinal microbiota of adult Drosophila flies

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 980, P. 179545 - 179545

Published: April 30, 2025

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPLs) are emerging environmental pollutants that have garnered significant attention over the past few decades due to their detrimental effects on human health through various exposure pathways. This study investigates impact of MNPLs gut microbiota, utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. was selected for its microbiota's similarities humans established role an accessible well-characterized system. To analyze full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed using Nanopore platform, enabling comprehensive profiling microbial populations present in samples. As models MNPLs, two commercial polystyrene (PS-NPLs, 61.20 415.22 nm) one lab-made polylactic acid nanoplastic (PLA-NPLs, 463.90 were selected. positive control, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) used. The observed findings revealed induced notable alterations including reduction bacterial abundance shifts species composition. These results suggest can lead dysbiosis potential disruptions interaction, either with epithelial barrier or directly resident microorganisms.

Language: Английский

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Exploring Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysregulation in Lung Tissues of Offspring Rats Exposed to Prenatal Polystyrene Microplastics: Effects of Melatonin Treatment

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. 1459 - 1459

Published: Nov. 28, 2024

Metabolomics research provides a clearer understanding of an organism’s metabolic state and enables more accurate representation its functional performance. This study aimed to investigate changes in the metabolome lung tissues resulting from prenatal exposure polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) understand underlying mechanisms damage rat offspring. We conducted metabolomic analyses tissue seven-day-old pups exposed PS-MPs. Our findings revealed that PS-MPs led significantly increased oxidative stress tissues, characterized by notable imbalances nucleic acid metabolism altered profiles specific amino acids. Furthermore, we evaluated therapeutic effects melatonin treatment on function 120-day-old offspring found improved histologic change affected valuable biological insights into caused exposure. Future studies should focus validating results animal experiments humans, exploring additional melatonin, developing suitable protocols for clinical use.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics on the Reproductive System, Intestinal Structure, and Microflora in Male and Female Mice

Veterinary Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 488 - 488

Published: Oct. 9, 2024

The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted the circulation microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems environment. objective this experiment was investigate distinct effects microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) exposure reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, microbial flora both male female mice. A total 24 4-week-old Kunming mice were randomly assigned one four groups: control group (CM), (CF), PVC test (PVCM), (PVCF) (n = 6). findings revealed that terms PVCM exhibited an impaired testicular structure with irregular arrangement a significant reduction spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa within seminiferous tubules (p < 0.01). PVCF notable decrease ovarian follicles 0.01), accompanied by uterus volume, fallopian tube muscle layer thickness, all which also decreased significantly In comparison groups, width height villi, increase crypt depth. This led alteration ratio villus depth (V/C) Moreover, species diversity observed groups; additionally, it contrasting changes relative abundance functional gene profiles among major constituents. summary, indicate induces damage digestive systems, further exhibiting sex-dependent mouse microflora composition, correlates its impact organs.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Microplastic Particles on Gut Microbiota Composition and Health Status in Rabbit Livestock

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(23), P. 12646 - 12646

Published: Nov. 25, 2024

The widespread use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and its entry into humans livestock is serious concern. In our study, we investigated the impact PVC treatments on physiological, pathological, hormonal, microbiota changes in female rabbits. Trend-like alterations weight were observed spleen, liver, kidney both low (P1) high dose (P2) treatment groups. Histopathological examination revealed exfoliation intestinal mucosa treated groups compared to control, microplastic particles penetrated embedded spleen. Furthermore, P1 P2 showed increased 17-beta-estradiol (E2) hormone levels, indicating early sexual maturation. Moreover, elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels suggest inflammatory reactions associated with treatment. Genus-level analyses gut group several genera or decreased abundance. conclusion, significant trend-like correlations demonstrated between content feed parameters. To knowledge, this first study investigate broad-spectrum effects exposure These results highlight potential health risks exposure, warranting further investigations animals humans.

Language: Английский

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