The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences

Neuron, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 96(1), P. 56 - 71

Published: Sept. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life

BMJ, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. m3048 - m3048

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

The prevalence of "toxic stress" and huge downstream consequences in disease, suffering, financial costs make prevention early intervention crucial, say Charles A Nelson colleagues

Language: Английский

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Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development¹

Applied Developmental Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 6 - 36

Published: Jan. 24, 2018

This article synthesizes knowledge on the role of relationships and key macroand micro-contexts - poverty, racism, families, communities, schools, peers in supporting and/or undermining healthy development children youth, using a relational developmental systems framework. Relationships with parents, siblings, peers, caregivers, teachers are explored context early care childhood settings, classrooms, school-based interventions. Additional contextual factors include; chronic stress, institutionalized stereotype threat, racial identity. A companion focuses how human brain develops, major constructs that define development, constructive nature opportunities for resilience. Human occurs through reciprocal coactions between individual their contexts culture, as drivers. contexts, along appraise interpret them, can be risks assets learning influence seen across generations produce intra- well intergenerational risks. about individual's responsiveness to experience has both positive negative implications childhood, adolescence into adulthood. Sensitive periods growth considered within including; parental attunement, intentional skill mindfulness, interactions, adversity, trauma, enriching opportunities. The accumulated power culture inform child-serving support adaptations, resilience, learning, health, well-being.

Language: Английский

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Etiology in psychiatry: embracing the reality of poly‐gene‐environmental causation of mental illness

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 121 - 129

Published: May 12, 2017

Intriguing findings on genetic and environmental causation suggest a need to reframe the etiology of mental disorders. Molecular genetics shows that thousands common rare variants contribute illness. Epidemiological studies have identified dozens exposures are associated with psychopathology. The effect environment is likely conditional factors, resulting in gene‐environment interactions. impact factors also depends previous exposures, environment‐environment Most known shared across multiple Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder major depressive disorder, particular, closely causally linked. Synthesis from twin studies, molecular epidemiological research suggests joint consideration has much greater explanatory power than separate or causation. Multi‐factorial interactions be generic mechanism involved majority cases illness, which only partially tapped by existing studies. Future may cut psychiatric disorders address poly‐causation considering measures life course specific focus first two decades life. Integrative analyses including can realize potential for discovering causal types mechanisms generate new preventive therapeutic tools.

Language: Английский

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Early Experiences of Threat, but Not Deprivation, Are Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging in Children and Adolescents

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 85(3), P. 268 - 278

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Language: Английский

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Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context¹

Applied Developmental Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 307 - 337

Published: Jan. 24, 2018

This article synthesizes foundational knowledge from multiple scientific disciplines regarding how humans develop in context. Major constructs that define human development are integrated into a developmental system framework, this includes—epigenetics, neural malleability and plasticity, complex skill learning, variability, relationships attachment, self-regulation, science of dynamics stress, adversity resilience. Specific attention is given to relational patterns, attunement, cognitive flexibility, executive function, working memory, sociocultural context, constructive development, self-organization, dynamic integration, pattern making, adverse childhood experiences. A companion focuses on individual-context relations, including the role as key drivers social cultural contexts support and/or undermine individual dynamic, idiographic pathways result mutually influential relations across life span. An understanding holistic, self-constructive character interconnectedness between individuals their physical, social, offers transformational opportunity study influence children's trajectories. Woven throughout convergence learning – web, skills, mindsets (sense belonging, self-efficacy, growth mindset), prior experience, motivational systems (intrinsic motivation, achievement Belief-Control-Expectancy Framework), metacognition, conditions for , responsiveness competence, instructional curricular design- its importance supporting integrative framework development. opens new, creative approaches have potential solve seemingly intractable problems.

Language: Английский

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Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies

Clinical Psychology Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 83, P. 101933 - 101933

Published: Oct. 19, 2020

Language: Английский

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Language Exposure Relates to Structural Neural Connectivity in Childhood

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 38(36), P. 7870 - 7877

Published: Aug. 13, 2018

Neuroscience research has elucidated broad relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and young children9s brain structure, but there is little mechanistic knowledge about specific environmental factors that are associated with variation in structure. One factor, early language exposure, predicts linguistic cognitive skills later academic achievement, how exposure relates to neuroanatomy unknown. By measuring the real-world of children (ages 4–6 years, 27 male/13 female), we confirmed preregistered hypothesis greater adult-child conversational experience, independent SES sheer amount adult speech, related stronger, more coherent white matter connectivity left arcuate superior longitudinal fasciculi on average, specifically near their anterior termination at Broca9s area inferior frontal cortex. Fractional anisotropy significant tract subregions mediated relationship turns indicated a neuroanatomical mechanism underlying "language gap." Post hoc whole-brain analyses revealed was not any other tracts, indicating specificity this relationship. Results suggest development dorsal tracts environmentally influenced, by early, dialogic interaction. Furthermore, these findings raise possibility intervention programs aiming ameliorate disadvantages due family may focus increasing capitalize neural plasticity development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Over last decade, neuroscience highlighted detrimental impact disadvantaged backgrounds However, intervene effectively, must know which proximal aspects most strongly The present study finds conversation, correlates strength hemisphere pathway connecting two canonical regions, volume speech. These close achievement gap

Language: Английский

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Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

Psychiatry Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 295, P. 113567 - 113567

Published: Nov. 11, 2020

Language: Английский

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Role of Positive Parenting in the Association Between Neighborhood Social Disadvantage and Brain Development Across Adolescence

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 74(8), P. 824 - 824

Published: June 21, 2017

The negative effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on lifelong functioning are pronounced, with some evidence suggesting that these mediated by changes in brain development. To our knowledge, no research has investigated whether parenting might buffer effects.To establish positive behaviors moderate the development and adaptive adolescents.In this longitudinal study adolescents from schools Melbourne, Australia, data were collected at 3 assessments between 2004 2012. Data analyzed August 2016 April 2017.Both family (parental income-to-needs, occupation, education level) neighborhood measures assessed. Positive maternal observed during interactions early adolescence.Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans times (early, middle, late adolescence) ages 11 to 20 years. Global academic was assessed adolescence. We used linear mixed models examine effect as well moderating adolescent mediation developmental trajectories predicted functional outcomes adolescence.Of included 166 adolescents, 86 (51.8%) male. found neighborhood, but not family, associated altered (mean [SD] age, 12.79 [0.425] years) 19.08 [0.460] adolescence, predominantly temporal lobes (temporal cortex: random field theory corrected; left amygdala: B, -0.237; P < .001; right -0.209; = .008). Additionally, moderated dorsal frontal lateral orbitofrontal cortices amygdala (occupation: 0.382; .004; income-to-needs: 27.741; .004), male-specific findings. pattern cortical males disadvantaged neighborhoods exposed low positivity increased rates school noncompletion (indirect effect, -0.018; SE, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.053 -0.001).Our findings highlight importance influencing trajectories. Further, we present first ameliorate lobe (with implications for functioning) Results have relevance designing interventions children socioeconomically backgrounds.

Language: Английский

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