Oxford University Press eBooks,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: July 30, 2009
Abstract
How
will
biodiversity
loss
affect
ecosystem
functioning,
services,
and
human
wellbeing?
In
an
age
of
accelerating
loss,
this
volume
summarizes
recent
advances
in
biodiversity‐ecosystem
functioning
research
explores
the
economics
services.
The
first
section
development
basic
science
provides
a
meta-analysis
that
quantitatively
tests
several
hypotheses.
second
describes
natural
foundations
research,
including:
quantifying
functional
diversity,
field
into
predictive
science,
effects
stability
complexity,
methods
to
quantify
mechanisms
by
which
diversity
affects
importance
trophic
structure,
microbial
ecology,
spatial
dynamics.
third
takes
on
further
than
it
has
ever
gone
dimension.
six
chapters
cover
most
pressing
environmental
challenges
humanity
faces,
including
on:
climate
change
mitigation,
restoration
degraded
habitats,
managed
ecosystems,
pollination,
disease,
biological
invasions.
remaining
three
consider
economic
perspective,
synthesis
services
biodiversity,
options
open
policy-makers
address
failure
markets
account
for
services;
examination
valuing
and,
hence,
understanding
consequences
decisions
neglect
these
ways
economists
are
currently
incorporating
decision
models
conservation
management
biodiversity.
final
new
ecoinformatics
help
transform
globally
finally,
advancements
future
directions
field.
book's
ultimate
conclusion
is
essential
element
any
strategy
sustainable
development.
Oikos,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
116(5), P. 882 - 892
Published: May 1, 2007
In
its
simplest
definition,
a
trait
is
surrogate
of
organismal
performance,
and
this
meaning
the
term
has
been
used
by
evolutionists
for
long
time.
Over
last
three
decades,
developments
in
community
ecosystem
ecology
have
forced
concept
beyond
these
original
boundaries,
trait‐based
approaches
are
now
widely
studies
ranging
from
level
organisms
to
that
ecosystems.
Despite
some
attempts
fix
terminology,
especially
plant
ecology,
there
currently
high
degree
confusion
use,
not
only
“trait”
itself,
but
also
underlying
concepts
it
refers
to.
We
therefore
give
an
unambiguous
definition
trait,
with
particular
emphasis
on
functional
trait.
A
hierarchical
perspective
proposed,
extending
“performance
paradigm”
ecology.
“Functional
traits”
defined
as
morpho‐physio‐phenological
traits
which
impact
fitness
indirectly
via
their
effects
growth,
reproduction
survival,
components
individual
performance.
finally
present
integrative
framework
explaining
how
changes
values
due
environmental
variations
translated
into
may
influence
processes
at
higher
organizational
levels.
argue
can
be
achieved
developing
“integration
functions”
grouped
response
(community
level)
effect
(ecosystem
algorithms.
Australian Journal of Botany,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
61(3), P. 167 - 167
Published: Jan. 1, 2013
Plant
functional
traits
are
the
features
(morphological,
physiological,
phenological)
that
represent
ecological
strategies
and
determine
how
plants
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels
influence
ecosystem
properties.
Variation
in
plant
traits,
trait
syndromes,
has
proven
useful
for
tackling
many
important
questions
at
a
range
of
scales,
giving
rise
demand
standardised
ways
measure
ecologically
meaningful
traits.
This
line
research
been
among
most
fruitful
avenues
understanding
evolutionary
patterns
processes.
It
also
potential
both
build
predictive
set
local,
regional
global
relationships
between
environment
quantify
wide
natural
human-driven
processes,
including
changes
biodiversity,
impacts
species
invasions,
alterations
biogeochemical
processes
vegetation–atmosphere
interactions.
The
importance
these
topics
dictates
urgent
need
more
better
data,
increases
value
protocols
quantifying
variation
different
species,
particular
with
power
predict
plant-
ecosystem-level
can
be
measured
relatively
easily.
Updated
expanded
from
widely
used
previous
version,
this
handbook
retains
focus
on
clearly
presented,
applicable,
step-by-step
recipes,
minimum
text
theory,
not
only
includes
updated
methods
previously
covered,
but
introduces
new
further
balance
whole-plant
leaf
root
stem
regenerative
puts
emphasis
predicting
species’
effects
key
We
hope
becomes
standard
companion
local
efforts
learn
about
responses
respect
present,
past
future.
Journal of Ecology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
102(2), P. 275 - 301
Published: Feb. 19, 2014
Summary
The
leaf
economics
spectrum
(LES)
provides
a
useful
framework
for
examining
species
strategies
as
shaped
by
their
evolutionary
history.
However,
that
spectrum,
originally
described,
involved
only
two
key
resources
(carbon
and
nutrients)
one
of
three
economically
important
plant
organs.
Herein,
I
evaluate
whether
the
idea
can
be
broadly
extended
to
water
–
third
resource
–stems,
roots
entire
plants
individual,
community
ecosystem
scales.
My
overarching
hypothesis
is
strong
selection
along
trait
trade‐off
axes,
in
tandem
with
biophysical
constraints,
results
convergence
any
taxon
on
uniformly
fast,
medium
or
slow
strategy
(i.e.
rates
acquisition
processing)
all
organs
resources.
Evidence
economic
spectra
exists
stems
well
leaves,
traits
related
carbon
nutrients.
These
apply
generally
within
across
scales
(within
communities,
climate
zones,
biomes
lineages).
There
are
linkages
coupling
among
resources,
resulting
an
integrated
whole‐plant
spectrum.
Species
capable
moving
rapidly
have
low
tissue
density,
short
life
span
high
flux
at
organ
individual
reverse
true
strategy.
Different
may
different
conditions,
but
being
fast
respect
requires
others,
general
feature
species.
Economic
influence
performance
fitness
consistent
trait‐based
theory
about
underlying
adaptive
mechanisms.
Traits
help
explain
differences
growth
survival
gradients
thus
distribution
assembly
communities
light,
nutrient
gradients.
scale
up
associated
faster
processes
such
decomposition
primary
productivity,
process
rates.
Synthesis
.
matter.
A
single
‘fast–slow’
integrates
universe
helps
ecological
strategies,
functioning
ecosystems.
Ecology Letters,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
11(10), P. 1065 - 1071
Published: July 9, 2008
Abstract
Worldwide
decomposition
rates
depend
both
on
climate
and
the
legacy
of
plant
functional
traits
as
litter
quality.
To
quantify
degree
to
which
differentiation
among
species
affects
their
rates,
we
brought
together
leaf
trait
mass
loss
data
for
818
from
66
experiments
six
continents.
We
show
that:
(i)
magnitude
species‐driven
differences
is
much
larger
than
previously
thought
greater
climate‐driven
variation;
(ii)
decomposability
a
species’
consistently
correlated
with
that
ecological
strategy
within
different
ecosystems
globally,
representing
new
connection
between
whole
carbon
biogeochemical
cycling.
This
strategies
crucial
understanding
vegetation–soil
feedbacks,
improving
forecasts
global
cycle.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
182(3), P. 565 - 588
Published: April 16, 2009
Summary
Here,
we
analysed
a
wide
range
of
literature
data
on
the
leaf
dry
mass
per
unit
area
(LMA).
In
nature,
LMA
varies
more
than
100‐fold
among
species.
Part
this
variation
(
c
.
35%)
can
be
ascribed
to
differences
between
functional
groups,
with
evergreen
species
having
highest
LMA,
but
most
is
within
groups
or
biomes.
When
grown
in
same
controlled
environment,
succulents
and
woody
evergreen,
perennial
slow‐growing
have
inherently
high
LMA.
Within
studied,
high‐LMA
show
higher
tissue
densities.
However,
deciduous
result
from
larger
volumes
(thickness).
Response
curves
constructed
experiments
under
conditions
showed
that
varied
strongly
light,
temperature
submergence,
moderately
CO
2
concentration
nutrient
water
stress,
marginally
other
conditions.
Functional
differed
plasticity
these
gradients.
The
physiological
regulation
still
unclear,
consequences
suite
traits
interconnected
it
are
strong.
This
trait
complex
an
important
factor
determining
fitness
their
environment
affects
various
ecosystem
processes.
Contents
565
I.
perspective
566
II.
field
567
III.
Inherent
568
IV.
Relation
anatomy
chemical
composition
570
V.
Environmental
effects
572
VI.
Differences
space
time
577
VII.
Molecular
physiology
579
VIII.
Ecological
580
IX.
Conclusions
perspectives
582
Acknowledgements
References
Appendices
587
Global Change Biology,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
17(9), P. 2905 - 2935
Published: April 26, 2011
Abstract
Plant
traits
–
the
morphological,
anatomical,
physiological,
biochemical
and
phenological
characteristics
of
plants
their
organs
determine
how
primary
producers
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels,
influence
ecosystem
processes
services
provide
a
link
from
species
richness
functional
diversity.
Trait
data
thus
represent
raw
material
for
wide
range
research
evolutionary
biology,
community
ecology
biogeography.
Here
we
present
global
database
initiative
named
TRY,
which
has
united
plant
trait
worldwide
gained
an
unprecedented
buy‐in
data:
so
far
93
databases
have
been
contributed.
The
repository
currently
contains
almost
three
million
entries
69
000
out
world's
300
species,
with
focus
on
52
groups
characterizing
vegetative
regeneration
stages
life
cycle,
including
growth,
dispersal,
establishment
persistence.
A
first
analysis
shows
that
most
are
approximately
log‐normally
distributed,
widely
differing
ranges
variation
across
traits.
Most
is
between
(interspecific),
but
significant
intraspecific
also
documented,
up
40%
overall
variation.
types
(PFTs),
as
commonly
used
in
vegetation
models,
capture
substantial
fraction
observed
several
occurs
within
PFTs,
75%
In
context
models
these
would
better
be
represented
by
state
variables
rather
than
fixed
parameter
values.
improved
availability
unified
expected
support
paradigm
shift
trait‐based
ecology,
offer
new
opportunities
synthetic
enable
more
realistic
empirically
grounded
representation
terrestrial
Earth
system
models.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2005,
Volume and Issue:
166(2), P. 485 - 496
Published: Feb. 3, 2005
•
Global-scale
quantification
of
relationships
between
plant
traits
gives
insight
into
the
evolution
world's
vegetation,
and
is
crucial
for
parameterizing
vegetation–climate
models.
A
database
was
compiled,
comprising
data
hundreds
to
thousands
species
core
'leaf
economics'
leaf
lifespan,
mass
per
area,
photosynthetic
capacity,
dark
respiration,
nitrogen
phosphorus
concentrations,
as
well
potassium,
N-use
efficiency
(PNUE),
N
:
P
ratio.
While
mean
trait
values
differed
functional
types,
range
found
within
groups
often
larger
than
differences
among
them.
Future
models
could
incorporate
this
knowledge.
The
were
intercorrelated,
both
globally
forming
a
economics
spectrum'.
these
are
very
general,
they
not
universal,
significant
heterogeneity
exists
fitted
individual
sites.
Much,
but
all,
can
be
explained
by
variation
in
sample
size
alone.
PNUE
also
considered
part
spectrum,
whereas
K
ratios
only
loosely
related.
Global Change Biology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
26(1), P. 119 - 188
Published: Dec. 31, 2019
Abstract
Plant
traits—the
morphological,
anatomical,
physiological,
biochemical
and
phenological
characteristics
of
plants—determine
how
plants
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels,
influence
ecosystem
properties
their
benefits
detriments
people.
trait
data
thus
represent
the
basis
for
a
vast
area
research
spanning
from
evolutionary
biology,
community
functional
ecology,
biodiversity
conservation,
landscape
management,
restoration,
biogeography
earth
system
modelling.
Since
its
foundation
in
2007,
TRY
database
plant
traits
has
grown
continuously.
It
now
provides
unprecedented
coverage
under
an
open
access
policy
is
main
used
by
worldwide.
Increasingly,
also
supports
new
frontiers
trait‐based
research,
including
identification
gaps
subsequent
mobilization
or
measurement
data.
To
support
this
development,
article
we
evaluate
extent
compiled
analyse
emerging
patterns
representativeness.
Best
species
achieved
categorical
traits—almost
complete
‘plant
growth
form’.
However,
most
relevant
ecology
vegetation
modelling
are
characterized
continuous
intraspecific
variation
trait–environmental
relationships.
These
have
be
measured
on
individual
respective
environment.
Despite
coverage,
observe
humbling
lack
completeness
representativeness
these
many
aspects.
We,
therefore,
conclude
that
reducing
biases
remains
key
challenge
requires
coordinated
approach
measurements.
This
can
only
collaboration
with
initiatives.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
104(52), P. 20684 - 20689
Published: Dec. 20, 2007
Global
environmental
change
affects
the
sustained
provision
of
a
wide
set
ecosystem
services.
Although
delivery
services
is
strongly
affected
by
abiotic
drivers
and
direct
land
use
effects,
it
also
modulated
functional
diversity
biological
communities
(the
value,
range,
relative
abundance
traits
in
given
ecosystem).
The
focus
this
article
on
integrating
different
possible
mechanisms
which
properties
that
are
directly
relevant
to
We
propose
systematic
way
for
progressing
understanding
how
cover
these
through
modifications.
Models
links
between
local
mean,
distribution
plant
trait
values
numerous,
but
they
have
been
scattered
literature,
with
varying
degrees
empirical
support
components
analyzed.
Here
we
articulate
single
conceptual
methodological
framework
allows
testing
them
combination.
illustrate
our
approach
examples
from
literature
apply
proposed
grassland
system
central
French
Alps
diversity,
responding
change,
alters
important
stakeholders.
claim
contributes
opening
new
area
research
at
interface
science
fundamental
ecology.