Cancers,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(15), P. 3918 - 3918
Published: Aug. 1, 2023
Over
the
last
20
years,
gliomas
have
made
up
over
89%
of
malignant
CNS
tumor
cases
in
American
population
(NIH
SEER).
Within
this,
glioblastoma
is
most
common
subtype,
comprising
57%
all
glioma
cases.
Being
highly
aggressive,
this
deadly
disease
known
for
its
high
genetic
and
phenotypic
heterogeneity,
rendering
a
complicated
course.
The
current
standard
care
consists
maximally
safe
resection
concurrent
with
chemoradiotherapy.
However,
despite
advances
technology
therapeutic
modalities,
rates
recurrence
are
still
survivability
remains
low.
Given
delicate
nature
location,
remaining
margins
following
often
initiate
recurrence.
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
modality
that,
administration
non-toxic
photosensitizer,
induces
tumor-specific
anti-cancer
effects
after
localized,
wavelength-specific
illumination.
Its
effect
against
has
been
studied
extensively
30
pre-clinical
clinical
trials.
Here,
we
provide
comprehensive
review
three
generations
photosensitizers
alongside
their
mechanisms
action,
limitations,
future
directions.
Archives of Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
97(10), P. 2499 - 2574
Published: Aug. 19, 2023
Abstract
A
physiological
level
of
oxygen/nitrogen
free
radicals
and
non-radical
reactive
species
(collectively
known
as
ROS/RNS)
is
termed
oxidative
eustress
or
“good
stress”
characterized
by
low
to
mild
levels
oxidants
involved
in
the
regulation
various
biochemical
transformations
such
carboxylation,
hydroxylation,
peroxidation,
modulation
signal
transduction
pathways
Nuclear
factor-κB
(NF-κB),
Mitogen-activated
protein
kinase
(MAPK)
cascade,
phosphoinositide-3-kinase,
nuclear
factor
erythroid
2–related
2
(Nrf2)
other
processes.
Increased
ROS/RNS,
generated
from
both
endogenous
(mitochondria,
NADPH
oxidases)
and/or
exogenous
sources
(radiation,
certain
drugs,
foods,
cigarette
smoking,
pollution)
result
a
harmful
condition
stress
(“bad
stress”).
Although
it
widely
accepted,
that
many
chronic
diseases
are
multifactorial
origin,
they
share
common
denominator.
Here
we
review
importance
mechanisms
through
which
contributes
pathological
states
an
organism.
Attention
focused
on
chemistry
ROS
RNS
(e.g.
superoxide
radical,
hydrogen
peroxide,
hydroxyl
radicals,
peroxyl
nitric
oxide,
peroxynitrite),
their
role
damage
DNA,
proteins,
membrane
lipids.
Quantitative
qualitative
assessment
biomarkers
also
discussed.
Oxidative
pathology
cancer,
cardiovascular
diseases,
diabetes,
neurological
disorders
(Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Down
syndrome),
psychiatric
(depression,
schizophrenia,
bipolar
disorder),
renal
disease,
lung
disease
(chronic
pulmonary
obstruction,
cancer),
aging.
The
concerted
action
antioxidants
ameliorate
effect
achieved
antioxidant
enzymes
(Superoxide
dismutases-SODs,
catalase,
glutathione
peroxidase-GPx),
small
molecular
weight
(vitamins
C
E,
flavonoids,
carotenoids,
melatonin,
ergothioneine,
others).
Perhaps
one
most
effective
vitamin
first
line
defense
against
peroxidation
promising
approach
appears
be
use
flavonoids),
showing
weak
prooxidant
properties
may
boost
cellular
systems
thus
act
preventive
anticancer
agents.
Redox
metal-based
enzyme
mimetic
compounds
potential
pharmaceutical
interventions
sirtuins
therapeutic
targets
for
age-related
anti-aging
strategies
Cancers,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
13(17), P. 4447 - 4447
Published: Sept. 3, 2021
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
is
a
promising
against
cancer.
Even
though
it
has
been
investigated
for
more
than
100
years,
scientific
publications
have
grown
exponentially
in
the
last
two
decades.
For
this
reason,
we
present
brief
compendium
of
reviews
decades
classified
under
different
topics,
namely,
overviews,
about
specific
cancers,
and
meta-analyses
photosensitisers,
PDT
mechanisms,
dosimetry,
light
sources.
The
key
issues
main
conclusions
are
summarized,
including
ways
means
to
improve
outcomes.
Due
broad
scope
work
being
first
time
that
latest
performed
PDT,
may
be
interest
wide
audience.
Cell Death and Disease,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13(5)
Published: May 13, 2022
Abstract
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
was
discovered
more
than
100
years
ago.
Since
then,
many
protocols
and
agents
for
PDT
have
been
proposed
the
treatment
of
several
types
cancer.
Traditionally,
cell
death
induced
by
categorized
into
three
types:
apoptosis,
associated
with
autophagy,
necrosis.
However,
discovery
other
regulated
modalities
in
recent
years,
it
has
become
clear
that
this
is
a
rather
simple
understanding
mechanisms
action
PDT.
New
observations
revealed
cancer
cells
exposed
to
can
pass
through
various
non-conventional
pathways,
such
as
paraptosis,
parthanatos,
mitotic
catastrophe,
pyroptosis,
necroptosis,
ferroptosis.
Nowadays,
immunogenic
(ICD)
one
most
promising
ways
eradicate
tumor
activation
T-cell
adaptive
immune
response
induction
long-term
immunological
memory.
ICD
be
triggered
anti-cancer
methods,
including
In
review,
we
critically
discuss
findings
on
Next,
emphasize
role
contribution
these
PDT-induced
modalities.
Finally,
obstacles
propose
areas
research
will
help
overcome
challenges
lead
development
highly
effective
based
Journal of Oncology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
2022, P. 1 - 20
Published: June 25, 2022
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
can
be
developed
into
an
important
arsenal
against
cancer;
it
is
a
minimally
invasive
therapy,
which
used
in
the
treatment
or/and
palliation
of
variety
cancers
and
benign
diseases.
The
removal
cancerous
tissue
achieved
with
use
photosensitizer
light
source,
excites
photosensitizer.
This
excitation
causes
to
generate
singlet
oxygen
other
reactive
species.
PDT
has
been
several
types
including
nonmelanoma
skin
cancer,
bladder
esophageal
head
neck
non-small
cell
lung
cancer
(NSCLC).
Although
routinely
not
widely
adopted
solid
due
lack
clinical
data
showing
superiority
over
forms
treatment.
Singlet
alter
activity
catalase,
induces
immunomodulation
through
HOCl
signaling.
induce
apoptosis
both
extrinsic
intrinsic
pathways.
pathway
starts
activation
Fas
receptor
by
that
leads
caspase-7
caspase-3.
In
case
pathway,
disruption
caused
mitochondria
membrane
release
cytochrome
c,
binds
APAF-1
procaspase-9,
forming
complex,
activates
Mechanisms
action
vary
according
organelles
affected.
plasma
membrane,
oxidative
stress
leading
intake
calcium
ions,
swelling
rupture
cells
excess
water,
whereas
lysosome
cathepsins
B
D,
cleave
Bid
tBid,
changes
mitochondrial
outer
permeability
(MOMP).
Oxidative
misfolding
protein
endoplasmic
reticulum.
When
exceeds
threshold,
triggers
unfolding
response
(UPR),
caspase-9
Finally,
p38
MAPK
works
as
alternative
for
induction
MOMP.
International Journal of Nanomedicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 17, P. 6427 - 6446
Published: Dec. 1, 2022
Photoactivation
therapy
based
on
photodynamic
(PDT)
and
photothermal
(PTT)
has
been
identified
as
a
tumour
ablation
modality
for
numerous
cancer
indications,
with
photosensitisers
conversion
agents
playing
important
roles
in
the
phototherapy
process,
especially
recent
decades.In
addition,
iteration
of
nanotechnology
strongly
promoted
development
treatment.PDT
can
increase
sensitivity
cells
to
PTT
by
interfering
microenvironment,
whereas
heat
generated
blood
flow,
improve
oxygen
supply
enhance
PDT
therapeutic
effect.In
cell
debris
serve
tumour-associated
antigens,
evoking
antitumor
immune
responses.In
this
review,
research
progress
phototherapy,
its
effects
combination
immunotherapy
treatment
tumours
are
mainly
outlined,
issues
that
may
need
continued
attention
future
raised.
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(2), P. 330 - 330
Published: Jan. 18, 2023
BACKGROUND:
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
is
an
established,
minimally
invasive
treatment
for
specific
types
of
cancer.
During
PDT,
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
are
generated
that
ultimately
induce
cell
death
and
disruption
the
tumor
area.
Moreover,
PDT
can
result
in
damage
to
vasculature
release
and/or
exposure
damage-associated
molecular
patterns
(DAMPs)
may
initiate
antitumor
immune
response.
However,
there
currently
several
challenges
limit
its
widespread
application
certain
indications
clinic.
METHODS:
A
literature
study
was
conducted
comprehensively
discuss
these
identify
opportunities
improvement.
RESULTS:
The
most
notable
improve
them
have
been
identified
discussed.
CONCLUSIONS:
recent
efforts
current
promising,
notably
those
focus
on
enhancing
responses
initiated
by
treatment.
improvements
has
potential
enhance
efficacy
thereby
broadening
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(2), P. 1023 - 1023
Published: Jan. 13, 2024
Photodynamic
therapy
(PDT)
is
a
two-stage
treatment
that
implies
the
use
of
light
energy,
oxygen,
and
light-activated
compounds
(photosensitizers)
to
elicit
cancerous
precancerous
cell
death
after
activation
(phototoxicity).
The
biophysical,
bioengineering
aspects
its
combinations
with
other
strategies
are
highlighted
in
this
review,
both
conceptually
as
they
currently
applied
clinically.
We
further
explore
recent
advancements
PDT
nanotechnology,
including
quantum
dots
innovative
photosensitizers
or
energy
donors
well
combination
radiotherapy
immunotherapy
future
promising
cancer
treatments.
Finally,
we
emphasize
potential
significance
organoids
physiologically
relevant
models
for
PDT.
