Epidemic history and evolution of an emerging threat of international concern, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 95(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Abstract This comprehensive review focuses on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its impact as cause of COVID‐19 pandemic. Its objective is to provide a cohesive overview epidemic history evolutionary aspects virus, with particular emphasis emergence, global spread, implications for public health. The delves into timelines key milestones SARS‐CoV‐2's epidemiological progression, shedding light challenges encountered during early containment efforts subsequent waves transmission. Understanding dynamics virus crucial in monitoring potential adaptation future outbreaks. Genetic characterization SARS‐CoV‐2 discussed, focus emergence new variants their transmissibility, severity, immune evasion. highlights important role genomic surveillance tracking viral mutations linked establishing health interventions. By analyzing origins, genetic evolution SARS‐CoV‐2, valuable insights can be gained development effective control measures, improvement pandemic preparedness, addressing emerging infectious diseases international concern.

Language: Английский

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Reported effectiveness of COVID-19 monovalent booster vaccines and hybrid immunity against mild and severe Omicron disease in adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis

Vaccine X, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17, P. 100451 - 100451

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

Waning of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) has been observed across settings and epidemiological contexts. We conducted a systematic review VE studies performed meta-regression analysis to improve understanding determinants waning. Systematic PubMed, medRxiv the WHO-International Vaccine Access Center database summarizing on 31 December 2022. Studies were those presenting primary adult data from hybrid immunity or third/fourth mRNA monovalent doses [due limited with other vaccines] against Omicron, compared unvaccinated individuals eligible for corresponding booster but who did not receive them. used models, adjusting confounders, weeks since vaccination as restricted cubic spline, estimate over time vaccination. identified 55 reporting 269 estimates. Most estimates (180/269; 67%) described effectiveness third dose vaccination; 48 (18%) 41 (15%) describing fourth effectiveness, respectively, mostly (200; 74%) derived test-negative design studies. (176/269; 65%) reported comparison groups. Estimated mild outcomes declined following 62% (95% CI: 58% – 66%) after 4 48% (41% 55%) 20 weeks. Fourth 56%) 47% (19% severe was higher in three-dose group 90% (87% 92%) 70% (65 Time-since is an important determinant VE, finding which may support seasonal doses. Integration immunological parameters longer-term including types are needed better-understand clinical protection.

Language: Английский

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An enhanced broad-spectrum peptide inhibits Omicron variants in vivo

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(2), P. 101418 - 101418

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

The continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants concern (VOCs) poses a major challenge to vaccines and antiviral therapeutics due their extensive evasion immunity. Aiming develop potent broad-spectrum anticoronavirus inhibitors, we generated A1-(GGGGS)7-HR2m (A1L35HR2m) by introducing an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2)-derived peptide A1 the N terminus viral HR2-derived HR2m through long flexible linker, which showed significantly improved activity. Further cholesterol (Chol) modification at C A1L35HR2m greatly enhanced inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, SARS-CoV, Middle East (MERS-CoV) pseudoviruses, with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 5.53 nM. A1L35HR2m-Chol also potently inhibits spike-protein-mediated cell-cell fusion replication authentic Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.5, EG.5.1. Importantly, distributed widely in tract tissue had half-life (>10 h) vivo. Intranasal administration K18-hACE2 transgenic mice inhibited BA.5 EG.5.1 infection both prophylactically therapeutically.

Language: Английский

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Humoral response after the fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the CKD spectrum: a prespecified analysis of the SENCOVAC study

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(4), P. 969 - 981

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

ABSTRACT Background There is scarce evidence on the fourth dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We evaluated humoral response and effectivity CKD spectrum: non-dialysis (ND-CKD), haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) transplant (KT) recipients. Methods This a prespecified analysis prospective, observational, multicentric SENCOVAC study. In patients with who had received complete initial vaccination one or two boosters anti-Spike antibody determinations 6 12 months after vaccination, we analysed factors associated persistent negative higher titres as well efficacy 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Results Of 2186 (18% KT, 8% PD, 69% HD 5% ND-CKD), 30% dose. The increased (P = .001) ND-CKD .014) seroconverted 72% previously Higher at were independently repeated exposure to antigen (fourth dose, previous breakthrough infections), not being KT recipient. Breakthrough COVID-19 was registered 137 (6%) patients, whom required admission. Admitted prior <620 UI/ml median values lower .020) than non-admitted Conclusions A vaccine many but those highest need for booster (i.e. pre-booster recipients) derived least benefit terms titres. Admission low

Language: Английский

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Comparative Binding Ability of Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Investigation

Antibodies, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 17 - 17

Published: Feb. 23, 2023

Mutation(s) in the spike protein is major characteristic trait of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Delta-plus. Omicron (B.1.1.529) latest addition it has been characterized by high transmissibility ability to escape host immunity. Recently developed vaccines repurposed drugs exert limited action on strains hence new therapeutics are immediately needed. Herein, we have explored efficiency twelve therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting RBD region glycoprotein against all bearing a mutation through molecular docking dynamics simulation. Our silico evidence reveals that adintivimab, beludivimab, regadanivimab most potent mAbs form strong biophysical interactions neutralize variants. Considering efficacy mAbs, incorporated CDRH3 beludavimab within framework adintrevimab, which displayed more intense binding affinity towards viz. BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, BA.5. Furthermore, cDNA chimeric mAb was cloned pET30ax for recombinant production. In conclusion, present study represents candidature human (beludavimab adintrevimab) potential designed treating Omicron-infected patients.

Language: Английский

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Efficacy of Licensed Monoclonal Antibodies and Antiviral Agents against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages BA.1 and BA.2

Viruses, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1374 - 1374

Published: June 23, 2022

Newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may escape monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antiviral drugs. By using live virus assays, we assessed the ex vivo inhibition of B.1 wild-type (WT), delta omicron BA.1 BA.2 lineages by post-infusion sera from 40 individuals treated with bamlanivimab/etesevimab (BAM/ETE), casirivimab/imdevimab (CAS/IMD), sotrovimab (SOT) as well activity remdesivir, nirmatrelvir molnupiravir. mAbs drug were defined serum dilution (ID

Language: Английский

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Severity of COVID-19 among Hospitalized Patients: Omicron Remains a Severe Threat for Immunocompromised Hosts

Viruses, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(12), P. 2736 - 2736

Published: Dec. 8, 2022

The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the general population context a relatively high immunity gained through early waves disease 19 (COVID-19), and vaccination campaigns. Despite this context, significant number patients were hospitalized, identifying risk factors associated with era is critical for targeting further preventive, curative interventions. We retrospectively analyzed individual medical records 1501 SARS-CoV-2 positive hospitalized between 13 December 2021, February 2022, Belgium, which 187 (12.5%) infected Delta, 1036 (69.0%) Omicron. Unvaccinated adults showed an increased moderate/severe/critical/fatal COVID-19 (crude OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.09-2.16) compared to vaccinated patients, whether or Delta. In (n = 323), immunocompromised in-hospital mortality related (adjusted 2.42; 1.39-4.22), non-immunocompromised patients. upcoming impact pandemic will be defined by evolving viral variants, immune system status population. observations support that, intrinsically less virulent variant, underlying patient remain main drivers disease.

Language: Английский

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Immunogenicity Following Two Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine and a Third Booster Dose with a Viral Vector and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta and Omicron Variants in Prime Immunized Adults with Two Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 1071 - 1071

Published: July 3, 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccination is being comprehensively evaluated globally due to waning immunity and the emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Therefore, this study aimed evaluate antibody responses in individuals vaccinated with two doses BBIBP-CorV vaccine explore boosting effect different platforms BBIBP-CorV-primed healthy adults, including a viral vector (AZD122) mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 mRNA-1273). The results showed that prime group, total receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin (Ig) anti-RBD IgG levels waned significantly at three months after receiving second dose. However, booster, RBD-specific binding increased. Neutralizing measured by surrogate neutralization test inhibition over 90% against SARS-CoV-2 delta variant but less than 70% omicron third dose on day 28. All could induce IFN-ɣ T-cell response. reactogenicity was acceptable well-tolerated without serious adverse events. This supports administration either or for stimulate responses.

Language: Английский

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Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding in older patients infected with Omicron BA.2.2

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Background This study explores the risk factors associated with viral shedding time in elderly Chinese patients infected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron. Methods Participants SARS-CoV-2 omicron were enrolled a retrospective study, and divided into two groups according to (≥10 days, “late clearance group” <10 “early group”). Results A total of 180 (88 early, 92 late), median 10 days mean age 77.02 years. Prolonged was old ( p = 0.007), lack vaccination 0.001), delayed admission hospital after onset diagnosis D-dimer 0.003), methylprednisolone treatment 0.048). In multivariate analysis, (OR, 0.319, 95% CI, 0.130–0.786, 0.013), Paxlovid 0.259, 0.104–0.643, 0.004), from 1.802, 1.391–2.355, 0.000) significantly clearance. Conclusions Time hospitalization, Paxlovid, independent for prolonged shedding.

Language: Английский

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Unlocking insights: Navigating COVID-19 challenges and Emulating future pandemic Resilience strategies with strengthening natural immunity

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(15), P. e34691 - e34691

Published: July 18, 2024

The original COVID-19 vaccines, developed against SARS-CoV-2, initially mitigated hospitalizations. Bivalent vaccine boosters were used widely during 2022-23, but the outbreaks persisted. Despite this, hospitalizations, mortality, and involving dominant mutants like Alpha Delta increased winters when population's vitamin D levels at their lowest. Notably, 75 % of human immune cell/system functions, including post-vaccination adaptive immunity, rely on adequate circulatory levels. Consequently, hypovitaminosis compromises innate responses, heightening susceptibility to infections complications. vaccines primarily target SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins, thus offering only a limited protection through antibodies. mRNA such as those for COVID-19, fail generate secretory/mucosal immunity-like IgG rendering them ineffective in halting viral spread. Additionally, mutations binding domain reduce recognition by vaccine-derived antibodies, leading evasion mutant viruses Omicron variants. Meanwhile, repeated administration bivalent intended enhance efficacy resulted immunoparesis recipients. As result, relying solely outbreak prevention, it became less effective. Dominant variants exhibit affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor-2, enhancing infectivity reducing virulence. spike protein-related do not impact potency available, repurposed early therapies, ivermectin. With re-emergence impending coronaviral pandemics, regulators health organizations should proactively consider approval strategic use cost-effective adjunct therapies mentioned above counter loss emerging novel coronaviruses eliminate vaccine- anti-viral agents-related serious adverse effects. Timely implementation these strategies could morbidity, healthcare costs provide rational approach address future epidemics pandemics. This perspective critically reviews relevant literature, providing insights, justifications, viewpoints into how scientific community authorities can leverage this knowledge cost-effectively.

Language: Английский

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