Science Advances,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
11(6)
Published: Feb. 7, 2025
Mucosa-associated
invariant
T
(MAIT)
cells
are
a
large
population
of
unconventional
widely
distributed
in
the
human
gastrointestinal
tract.
Their
homing
to
gut
is
central
maintaining
mucosal
homeostasis
and
immunity.
This
review
discusses
potential
mechanisms
that
guide
MAIT
intestinal
mucosa
during
inflammation,
emphasizing
roles
chemokines,
chemokine
receptors,
tissue
adhesion
molecules.
The
influence
microbiota
on
cell
different
regions
also
discussed.
Last,
we
introduce
how
organoid
technology
offers
potentially
valuable
approach
advance
our
understanding
by
providing
more
physiologically
relevant
model
mimics
tissue.
These
models
may
enable
detailed
investigation
gut-specific
cells.
By
regulation
gut,
avenues
for
therapeutic
interventions
targeting
inflammatory
conditions
such
as
bowel
diseases
(IBD)
emerge.
Journal of Biomedical Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
32(1)
Published: March 1, 2025
Abstract
Mucosal-associated
invariant
T
(MAIT)
cells
are
a
unique
subset
of
innate-like
lymphocytes
that
bridge
innate
and
adaptive
immunity.
Characterized
by
their
semi-invariant
cell
receptor
(TCR)
abundant
localization
in
mucosal
tissues,
MAIT
recognize
microbial
metabolites,
primarily
derived
from
the
riboflavin
biosynthesis
pathway,
presented
major
histocompatibility
complex
(MHC)-related
protein
1
(MR1).
This
interaction,
along
with
co-stimulatory
signals,
triggers
rapid
immune
responses,
including
cytokine
secretion
cytotoxic
activity,
highlighting
importance
maintaining
homeostasis
combating
infections.
review
provides
an
in-depth
overview
biology,
development,
activation
pathways,
functional
diversity,
protective
roles
immunity,
contributions
to
diseases
like
cancer
inflammatory
bowel
disease
(IBD),
context-dependent
dual
functions
health
pathology.
also
highlights
emerging
therapeutic
potential
immunotherapy.
Their
TCR
specificity,
abundance,
tissue-homing
properties
make
them
ideal
candidates
for
engineering
novel
therapies,
such
as
chimeric
antigen
(CAR)-MAIT
cells,
targeting
infections,
cancers,
autoimmune
diseases.
Challenges
escape,
exhaustion,
CAR
design
optimization
must
be
addressed
enhance
clinical
efficacy.
In
summary,
integral
function,
presents
exciting
opportunities
treatment
wide
range
Further
research
is
essential
unlock
full
these
versatile
cells.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(12), P. 1882 - 1882
Published: June 14, 2024
Celiac
disease
(CeD)
is
an
autoimmune
with
a
strong
association
human
leukocyte
antigen
(HLA),
characterized
by
the
production
of
specific
autoantibodies
and
immune-mediated
enterocyte
killing.
CeD
unique
condition,
as
it
only
one
in
which
environmental
trigger
known:
gluten,
storage
protein
present
wheat,
barley,
rye.
How
when
loss
tolerance
intestinal
mucosa
to
gluten
occurs
still
unknown.
This
event,
through
activation
adaptive
immune
responses,
enhances
epithelial
cell
death,
increases
permeability
barrier,
induces
secretion
pro-inflammatory
cytokines,
resulting
transition
from
genetic
predisposition
actual
onset
disease.
While
role
gastrointestinal
infections
possible
has
been
considered
on
basis
mechanism
mimicry,
more
likely
alternative
appears
involve
complex
disruption
microbiota
ecosystem
triggered
infections,
rather
than
effect
single
pathogen
mucosal
homeostasis.
Several
lines
evidence
show
existence
dysbiosis
that
precedes
genetically
at-risk
subjects,
protective
bacterial
elements
both
epigenetically
functionally
can
influence
response
epithelium
leading
tolerance.
We
have
conducted
literature
review
order
summarize
current
knowledge
about
part
unraveled
accompanies
some
exciting
new
data
how
this
might
be
prevented
and/or
counteracted.
The
search
was
PubMed.gov
time
frame
2010
March
2024
utilizing
terms
"celiac
microbiota",
microbiome",
probiotics"
restricting
following
article
types:
Clinical
Trials,
Meta-Analysis,
Review,
Systematic
Review.
A
total
364
papers
were
identified
reviewed.
main
conclusions
outlined
follows:
(1)
quantitative
qualitative
changes
gut
clearly
documented
patients;
(2)
microbiota's
extensive
variable
interactions
enterocytes,
viral
pathogens
even
combine
impact
inflammatory
tolerance,
ultimately
affecting
pathogenesis,
progression,
clinical
expression
CeD;
(3)
gluten-free
diet
fails
restore
eubiosis
digestive
tract
patients,
also
negatively
affects
microbial
homeostasis;
(4)
tools
allowing
targeted
therapy,
such
use
probiotics
(a
good
example
being
precision
like
novel
strain
B.
vulgatus
(20220303-A2)
begin
potential
applications.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: March 13, 2024
Mucosal-associated
invariant
T
(MAIT)
cells
play
diverse
roles
in
cancer,
infectious
diseases,
and
immunotherapy.
This
review
explores
their
intricate
involvement
from
early
detection
to
dual
functions
promoting
inflammation
mediating
anti-tumor
responses.
Within
the
solid
tumor
microenvironment
(TME),
MAIT
can
acquire
an
‘exhausted’
state
secrete
tumor-promoting
cytokines.
On
other
hand,
are
highly
cytotoxic,
there
is
evidence
that
they
may
have
immune
response.
The
frequency
of
subsets
has
also
been
shown
prognostic
value
several
cancer
types.
Recent
innovative
approaches,
such
as
programming
with
chimeric
antigen
receptors
(CARs),
provide
a
novel
exciting
approach
utilizing
these
cell-based
Because
restricted
cell
receptor
(TCR)
recognize
common
antigen,
this
mitigates
potential
graft-versus-host
disease
(GVHD)
opens
possibility
using
allogeneic
off-the-shelf
therapies
cancer.
Additionally,
we
outline
interactions
microbiome
critical
role
diseases
how
impact
responses
cells.
Understanding
complex
lead
therapeutic
strategies
harnessing
targeting
capabilities
Gut Microbes,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: July 11, 2023
The
efficacy
of
COVID-19
vaccines
varies
between
individuals
and
populations,
the
reasons
for
this
are
still
not
fully
understood.
Recent
clinical
studies
animal
models
have
indicated
that
gut
microbiota
may
influence
immunogenicity
vaccine
and,
thus,
its
effectiveness.
This
suggests
there
is
a
bidirectional
relationship
vaccine,
with
varying
components
either
enhancing
or
reducing
vaccine's
efficacy.
To
put
an
end
to
spread
pandemic,
necessity
create
powerful
long-term
immunity
now
more
important
than
ever,
understanding
role
in
process
essential.
Conversely,
also
significant
effect
on
microbiota,
decreasing
total
number
organisms
variety
species
present.
In
Review,
we
analyze
evidence
suggesting
interaction
effectiveness,
consider
immunological
mechanisms
be
responsible
connection,
explore
possibility
using
microbiota-focused
interventions
improve
vaccines.
Gut Microbes,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: July 3, 2024
Amino
acids,
metabolized
by
host
cells
as
well
commensal
gut
bacteria,
have
signaling
effects
on
metabolism.
Oral
supplementation
of
the
essential
amino
acid
histidine
has
been
shown
to
exert
metabolic
benefits.
To
investigate
whether
dietary
aids
glycemic
control,
we
performed
a
case-controlled
parallel
clinical
intervention
study
in
participants
with
type
2
diabetes
(T2D)
and
healthy
controls.
Participants
received
oral
for
seven
weeks.
After
weeks
supplementation,
microbiome
was
depleted
antibiotics
determine
microbial
contribution
We
assessed
immunophenotyping
peripheral
blood
mononucelar
(PBMC),
DNA
methylation
PBMCs
fecal
microbiota
composition.
Histidine
improves
several
markers
including
postprandial
glucose
levels
concordant
increase
proportion
MAIT
after
two
supplementation.
The
associated
changes
pathways
such
riboflavin
biosynthesis
epigenetic
transporter
SLC7A5.
Associations
between
were
replicated
MetaCardis
cohort.
propose
conceptual
framework
how
may
affect
via
altered
composition
SLC7A5
expression
directly
thereby
influencing
control.
Future
studies
should
focus
role
flavin
intermediates
modulation
modulate
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 3, 2025
The
role
of
immune
cells
in
neurodegeneration
remains
incompletely
understood.
Our
recent
study
revealed
the
presence
mucosal-associated
invariant
T
(MAIT)
meninges,
where
they
express
antioxidant
molecules
to
maintain
meningeal
barrier
integrity.
Accumulation
misfolded
tau
proteins
are
a
hallmark
neurodegenerative
diseases.
MAIT
tau-related
neuroinflammation
and
neurodegeneration,
however,
unclear.
Here
we
report
that
meninges
P301
mutant
human
transgenic
mice
had
increased
numbers
cells,
which
retained
their
expression
molecules.
Mr1
-/-
P301S
lacked
exhibited
pathology
hippocampus
atrophy
compared
control
+/+
mice.
Adoptive
transfer
reduced
Meningeal
integrity
was
compromised
Mr/
mice,
but
not
A
distinctive
microglia
subset
with
proinflammatory
gene
profile
(M-inflammatory)
enriched
transcriptomes
remaining
these
also
shifted
towards
state,
inflammatory
cytokines,
chemokines,
genes
related
ribosome
biogenesis
responses
toxic
substances.
restored
suppressed
microglial
inflammation
Together,
our
data
indicate
an
important
for
regulating
tau-pathology-related
neurodegeneration.
Animals,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 398 - 398
Published: Jan. 31, 2025
This
study
investigates
the
effects
of
quercetagetin
(QG)
supplementation
on
antioxidant
capacity,
liver
mitochondrial
function,
and
cecal
microbiota
broilers
raised
under
high-density
conditions.
A
2
×
factorial
design
with
144
one-day-old
WOD168
broilers,
which
were
allocated
to
two
stocking
densities
(LD:
4
birds
per
cage,
equivalent
11.1
square
meter;
HD:
eight
22.2
meter)
levels
dietary
QG
(0
20
mg/kg).
At
conclusion
day
21,
similar
body
weights
randomly
into
four
groups
(22
42
d):
control
(CON),
treatment
(QG),
high
density
(HSD),
(H_QG).
The
results
demonstrated
that
HD
significantly
reduced
broiler
growth
performance,
including
weight
(BW),
average
daily
gain
(ADG),
feed
intake
(ADFI)
(p
<
0.05).
Additionally,
increased
serum
stress
hormone
(CORT
ACTH),
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
(IL-1β
IL-6)
0.05),
while
decreasing
enzyme
activities
(GSH-Px,
T-SOD),
CAT
T-SOD
activities,
function
(GSH,
complex
I-III,
ATP
contents)
However,
mg/kg
alleviated
negative
induced
by
HSD,
restoring
levels,
immune
parameters,
function.
Moreover,
markedly
improved
composition,
enhancing
gut
health.
Correlation
analysis
revealed
a
strong
association
between
microbial
composition
overall
health,
indicating
plays
critical
role
in
mediating
these
beneficial
effects.
In
conclusion,
exhibits
protective
against
oxidative
stress,
dysfunction,
imbalance
rearing,
suggesting
its
potential
as
functional
additive
improve
health
intensive
farming
