Major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
and
substance
use
(SUD)
are
of
immense
medical
social
concerns.
Although
significant
progress
on
neuronal
involvement
in
mood
reward
circuitries
has
been
achieved,
only
relatively
recently
the
role
glia
these
disorders
have
attracted
attention.
Detail
understanding
glial
function
devastating
diseases
could
offer
novel
interventions.
Here,
following
a
brief
review
involved
regulation
perception,
specific
contribution
neurotrophic
factors,
neuroinflammation
gut
microbiota
to
highlighted.
In
this
context,
cells
(e.g.,
microglia,
astroglia,
oligodendrocytes
synantocytes)
phenotypic
manifestation
MDD
or
SUD
emphasized.
addition,
potential
knowledge
developing
therapeutics
is
touched
upon.
Pharmacological Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
206, P. 107300 - 107300
Published: July 9, 2024
Depression
is
a
serious
global
mental
disorder.
Numerous
studies
have
found
that
depression
may
be
closely
related
to
decreased
neurogenesis,
neuroinflammation,
neurotransmitter
imbalance,
and
synaptic
plasticity
dysfunction.
The
pathogenesis
of
complex
involves
multiple
signal
transduction
pathways
molecular
changes.
PI3K/AKT
pathway
an
essential
signaling
in
neurons,
which
widely
expressed
emotion-related
regions
the
brain.
Therefore,
play
moderating
role
mood
disorders.
However,
mechanism
not
been
fully
described.
This
review
systematically
summarized
discussed
its
potential
treatment
depression.
will
help
development
antidepressants.
Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(6), P. 558 - 558
Published: May 30, 2024
Mood
disorders
and
substance
use
disorder
(SUD)
are
of
immense
medical
social
concern.
Although
significant
progress
on
neuronal
involvement
in
mood
reward
circuitries
has
been
achieved,
it
is
only
relatively
recently
that
the
role
glia
these
attracted
attention.
Detailed
understanding
glial
functions
devastating
diseases
could
offer
novel
interventions.
Here,
following
a
brief
review
involved
regulation
perception,
specific
contributions
neurotrophic
factors,
neuroinflammation,
gut
microbiota
to
highlighted.
In
this
context,
cells
(e.g.,
microglia,
astroglia,
oligodendrocytes,
synantocytes)
phenotypic
manifestation
or
SUD
emphasized.
addition,
knowledge
potential
development
therapeutics
touched
upon.
Journal of Alzheimer s Disease,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 10, 2025
Background
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
the
leading
cause
of
dementia,
is
characterized
by
cognitive
decline
and
accumulation
amyloid-β
(Aβ).
It
affects
millions,
with
numbers
expected
to
double
2050.
SMOC2,
implicated
in
inflammation
fibrosis,
may
play
a
role
AD
pathogenesis,
particularly
microglial
cell
function,
offering
potential
therapeutic
target.
Objective
(AD)
leads
neurodegeneration,
affecting
cognition,
language,
personality,
underscoring
urgency
for
effective
treatments.
Our
study
investigates
secreted
modular
calcium-binding
protein
2
(SMOC2)
cells
its
impact
on
pathology.
Methods
We
introduced
SMOC2
overexpression
interference
vectors
into
treated
Aβ.
Activity
phagocytosis
were
assessed
using
CCK8
flow
cytometry.
mRNA
levels
quantified
qPCR,
TGF-β1,
p-NF-κB/NF-κB
analyzed
western
blot.
Aβ
content
was
determined
ELISA,
immunofluorescence
detected
TNF-α,
IL-1β,
CD163,
CD206.
Results
treatment
inhibited
activity
phagocytosis,
but
disruption
enhanced
these
functions
(p
<
0.05).
increased
expression
levels,
while
reduced
them
0.001).
also
decreased
CD206,
p-NF-κB/NF-κB,
IL-1β
Conclusions
plays
crucial
activity,
polarization,
potentially
through
TGF-β1/NF-κB
pathway,
insights
pathogenesis.
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Jan. 27, 2025
Mood
disorders,
such
as
major
depressive
disorder
and
bipolar
disorder,
are
among
the
most
common
mental
illnesses
a
leading
cause
of
disability
worldwide.
Key
symptoms
these
conditions
include
depressed
mood
or
anhedonia,
sleep
psychomotor
disturbances,
changes
in
appetite
weight,
fatigue
loss
energy.
Prolonged
cognitive
disturbances
further
impair
ability
to
think
concentrate
often
accompanied
by
persistent
feelings
worthlessness
excessive
guilt.
Collectively,
underscore
depression
serious,
long-term
global
health
issue.
In
addition,
clinical
studies
indicate
growing
number
patients
experiencing
difficulties
responding
treatment,
even
long
term.
This
phenomenon
poses
significant
challenges
for
healthcare
professionals,
families,
alike.
As
result,
there
is
an
urgent
need
therapies
that
both
rapid-acting
safe.
review
aims
summarize
prevailing
trends
research
on
novel
antidepressants,
emphasizing
their
diversity
multi-directional
mechanisms
action.
The
development
drugs
increasingly
focused
achieving
high
efficacy,
particularly
treatment-resistant
depression.
Such
advances
offer
potential
rapid
therapeutic
effects
without
prolonged
tedious
administration
older
generation
antidepressants.
Findings
from
using
animal
models
continue
play
crucial
role
predicting
designing
new
strategies.
These
remain
indispensable
understanding
physiological
newly
developed
compounds,
thereby
guiding
creation
innovative
treatments.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: Jan. 8, 2024
Purpose
To
investigate
the
role
of
senescence-related
cytokines
(SRCs)
in
pathophysiology
age-related
macular
degeneration
(AMD).
Design
The
whole
study
is
based
on
single-cell
and
bulk
tissue
transcriptomic
analysis
human
neuroretinas
with
or
without
AMD.
data
was
obtained
from
Gene-Expression
Omnibus
(GEO)
database.
Methods
For
analysis,
gene
expression
matrix
goes
through
quality
control
(QC)
filtering,
being
normalized,
scaled
integrated
for
downstream
analysis.
further
analyses
were
performed
using
Seurat
R
package
CellChat
package.
After
cell
type
annotation,
phenotype
functional
markers
microglia
investigated
cell-cell
communication
performed.
GSE29801
dataset
contains
neuroretina
(
n
=
118)
group
AMD
patients.
SPP1
subtypes
compared
by
Student’s
t
-test.
In
addition,
classified
into
SPP1-low
SPP1-high
groups
according
to
level
SPP1.
differentially
expressed
genes
between
these
two
subsequently
identified
pathway
enrichment
conducted.
Results
Secreted
phosphoprotein
1,
as
an
SRC,
revealed
be
highly
SPP1-receptor
signaling
activated
neuroretina.
associated
pro-inflammatory
phagocytic
state
microglia.
elevated
late
dry
wet
inflammatory
pathways
found
Conclusion
Our
findings
indicated
that
microglial
activation
might
play
important
Therefore,
serve
a
potential
therapeutic
target
More
vitro
vivo
studies
are
required
confirm
results
effect
SPP1-targeting
strategy.
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: April 2, 2024
Background:
Depression
is
a
severe
mental
disorder
that
poses
significant
threat
to
both
the
physical
and
wellbeing
of
individuals.
Currently,
there
are
various
methods
for
treating
depression,
including
traditional
Chinese
herbal
formulations
like
Chaihu-Shugan-San
(CSS),
which
have
shown
effective
antidepressant
effects
in
clinical
animal
research.
Objective:
This
review
aims
provide
comprehensive
synthesis
evidence
related
CSS,
considering
preclinical
studies,
uncover
its
potential
multi-level,
multi-pathway,
multi-target
mechanisms
depression
identify
active
ingredients.
Methods:
A
thorough
search
was
conducted
electronic
databases,
PubMed,
MEDLINE,
Web
Science,
Google
Scholar,
CNKI,
Wanfang,
using
keywords
such
as
“Chaihu
Shugan”
“depression”
retrieve
relevant
literature
on
CSS
The
process
adhered
PRISMA
guidelines.
Results:
consolidates
underlying
It
emphasizes
involvement
regulation
monoaminergic
neurotransmitter
systems,
synaptic
plasticity,
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis,
among
other
aspects.
Conclusion:
exerts
pivotal
role
through
pathways,
system,
inflammation,
brain-derived
neurotrophic
factor
levels,
brain-gut
axis.
facilitates
understanding
current
state
research,
fostering
an
in-depth
exploration
etiological
discovery
novel
drugs.
Pharmacology & Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
258, P. 108641 - 108641
Published: April 6, 2024
Major
depression
is
an
established
risk
factor
for
subsequent
dementia,
and
in
late
life
may
also
represent
a
prodromal
state
of
dementia.
Considering
current
challenges
the
clinical
development
disease
modifying
therapies
focus
research
shifting
towards
prevention
modification
factors
to
alter
neurodegenerative
trajectory.
Understanding
mechanistic
commonalities
underlying
affective
symptoms
cognitive
decline
reveal
biomarkers
aid
early
identification
those
at
progressing
dementia
during
preclinical
phase
disease,
thus
allowing
timely
intervention.
Adult
hippocampal
neurogenesis
(AHN)
phenomenon
that
describes
birth
new
neurons
dentate
gyrus
throughout
it
associated
with
spatial
learning,
memory
mood
regulation.
Microglia
are
innate
immune
system
macrophages
central
nervous
carefully
regulate
AHN
via
multiple
mechanisms.
Disruption
both
major
microgliosis
hallmark
several
diseases.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
psychedelics
promote
neuroplasticity,
including
neurogenesis,
be
immunomodulatory.
In
this
context,
psilocybin,
serotonergic
agonist
rapid-acting
antidepressant
properties
has
potential
ameliorate
intersecting
pathophysiological
processes
relevant
narrative
review,
we
on
base
effects
psilocybin
adult
microglial
form
function;
which
suggest
modulate
mechanisms
action,
have
implications
altering
progression
from
risk.
Neuroglia,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
6(1), P. 2 - 2
Published: Jan. 4, 2025
Microglia
are
exceptionally
dynamic
resident
innate
immune
cells
within
the
central
nervous
system,
existing
on
a
continuum
of
morphologies
and
functions
throughout
their
lifespan.
They
play
vital
roles
in
response
to
injuries
infections,
clearing
cellular
debris,
maintaining
neural
homeostasis
development.
Emerging
research
suggests
that
microglia
strongly
influenced
by
biological
factors,
including
sex,
developmental
stage,
local
environment.
This
review
synthesizes
findings
sex
differences
microglial
morphology
function
key
brain
regions,
frontal
cortex,
hippocampus,
amygdala,
hypothalamus,
basal
ganglia,
cerebellum,
across
Where
available,
we
examine
how
gonadal
hormones
influence
these
characteristics.
Additionally,
highlight
limitations
relying
solely
infer
underscore
need
for
comprehensive,
multimodal
approaches
guide
future
research.
Ultimately,
this
aims
advance
dialogue
spatiotemporally
heterogeneous
implications
vulnerability
neurological
psychiatric
disorders.
Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 238 - 238
Published: Feb. 24, 2025
Background:
Major
depressive
disorder
is
a
common
mental
health
issue
characterized
by
persistently
low
mood
and
high
morbidity
mortality.
The
major
pathophysiology
neuroinflammation,
as
evidenced
elevated
cytokine
levels.
Patients
often
fail
to
achieve
full
remission
with
the
use
of
currently
available
antidepressants,
prompting
search
for
new
treatment
options.
Schaftoside
(SS),
flavonoid
found
in
traditional
Chinese
herbs,
has
both
antioxidant
anti-inflammatory
properties.
However,
its
antidepressant
effects
are
poorly
understood.
Methods:
Male
C57BL/6
mice
underwent
chronic
unpredictable
mild
stress
(CUMS)
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)
induce
depression-
anxiety-like
behaviors.
SS
was
administered
at
40,
80,
160
mg/kg
28
days.
effect
on
depression-like
behaviors
assessed
using
behavioral
assays,
ELISA
used
measure
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
serum
hippocampus.
Results:
significantly
decreased
immobility
forced
swim
tail
suspension
tests,
increased
sucrose
preference
test,
reduced
feeding
latency
novelty-suppressed
test.
These
findings
indicate
improved
depression
showed
that
lowered
interleukin-1
beta
(IL-1β),
IL-6,
tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
levels
hippocampus
CUMS
mice.
Conclusions:
Our
study
indicates
anxiolytic
effects,
possibly
through
neuroinflammatory
processes,
making
it
promising
therapeutic
candidate
depression,
thus
deserves
further
investigation
into
mechanisms
clinical
efficacy.