Current Principles of Motor Control, with Special Reference to Vertebrate Locomotion

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 100(1), P. 271 - 320

Published: Sept. 12, 2019

The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels the nervous system from cortex to spinal cord. Here, we aim cover main aspects this complex behavior, operation microcircuits in cord systems and behavioral extend mammalian basic undulatory movements lamprey fish. cellular basis propulsion represents core system, it central pattern generator networks (CPGs) controlling timing different muscles, sensory compensation for perturbations, brain stem command level activity CPGs speed locomotion. forebrain particular basal ganglia are involved determining which motor programs should be recruited at a given point time can both initiate stop locomotor activity. propulsive needs integrated with postural maintain body orientation. Moreover, need steered so that subject approaches goal episode, or avoids colliding elements environment simply escapes high speed. These will covered review.

Language: Английский

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Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. 1091 - 1091

Published: Oct. 27, 2021

Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations they induce tolerance, addiction numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium opioids been traditionally painkillers, the exact mechanisms their reactions over repeated use multifactorial not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer non-cancer pain more than younger adults, due physiological changes related ageing reduced metabolic capabilities thus show an increased number opioid drugs. All clinically μ-opioid receptor agonists, major directly or potentially connected this receptor. Multifunctional ligands peripherally restricted may elicit fewer effects, shown preclinical studies, but results need reproducibility further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims overview various involved induced by opioids, provide a better understanding underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, help develop effective strategy manage

Language: Английский

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Disrupted Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Schizophrenia and Their Interaction With Dopamine Signaling

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: June 23, 2020

Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is a common feature of schizophrenia, associated with symptom severity patient quality life. It commonly manifested as disturbances to the sleep/wake cycle, sleep abnormalities occurring in up 80% patients, making it one most symptoms this disorder. Severe misalignment has also been reported, including non-24 h periods phase advances delays. In parallel, there are alterations physiological parameters such body temperature rhythmic hormone production. At molecular level, expression core clock genes indicate dysfunctional clock. Furthermore, genetic association studies have demonstrated that mutations several higher risk schizophrenia. Collectively, evidence strongly suggests not only schizophrenia but plays an important causal role The dopamine signaling occur likely be central role. Dopamine well-documented involved regulation which acts promote wakefulness, elevated levels can disturb sleep. There for influence on clock, through entrainment master suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), itself under control. Therefore closely linked system; appears they complex, bidirectional relationship pathogenesis exacerbate other. This review will provide overview SCRD examine interplay altered signaling. We assess suggest underlying mechanisms sleep/circadian rhythms pathophysiology Improvements improvements symptoms, along life measures cognitive ability employability. system holds valuable potential new therapeutic target

Language: Английский

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Evolution of behavioural control from chordates to primates

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 377(1844)

Published: Dec. 27, 2021

This article outlines a hypothetical sequence of evolutionary innovations, along the lineage that produced humans, which extended behavioural control from simple feedback loops to sophisticated diverse species-typical actions. I begin with basic mechanisms ancient mobile animals and follow major niche transitions aquatic terrestrial life, retreat into nocturnality in early mammals, transition arboreal life return diurnality. Along way, propose elaboration diversification repertoire associated neuroanatomical substrates. includes midbrain approach versus escape actions, telencephalic local long-range foraging, detection affordances by dorsal pallium, diversified nocturnal foraging mammalian neocortex expansion primate frontal, temporal parietal cortex support wide variety primate-specific strategies. The result is proposed functional architecture consisting parallel systems, each dedicated specifying for guiding particular compete against other through hierarchy selection mechanisms. part theme issue 'Systems neuroscience lens theory'.

Language: Английский

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Wireless, battery-free, and fully implantable electrical neurostimulation in freely moving rodents

Microsystems & Nanoengineering, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Aug. 13, 2021

Abstract Implantable deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems are utilized for clinical treatment of diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and chronic pain. However, long-term efficacy DBS is limited, neuroplastic changes associated therapeutic mechanisms not well understood. Fundamental mechanistic investigation, typically accomplished in small animal models, difficult because the need stimulators that currently require either frequent handling test subjects to charge battery-powered or specialized setups manage tethers restrict experimental paradigms compromise insight. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate a fully implantable, wireless, battery-free platform allows rodents with capability control parameters digitally real time. The devices able provide over wide range frequencies biphasic pulses constant voltage via low-impedance, surface-engineered platinum electrodes. utilize off-the-shelf components feature ability customize electrodes enable broad utility rapid dissemination. Efficacy system demonstrated readout stimulation-evoked neural activity vivo medial forebrain bundle freely moving rats evoke characteristic head motion 36 days.

Language: Английский

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Optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform nucleus controls locomotion in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(43)

Published: Oct. 20, 2021

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells results in severe locomotor deficits, such as gait freezing and akinesia. Growing evidence indicates that these deficits can be attributed to decreased activity mesencephalic region (MLR), a brainstem controlling locomotion. Clinicians are exploring deep brain stimulation MLR treatment option improve function. The variable, from modest promising. However, within MLR, clinicians have targeted pedunculopontine nucleus exclusively, while leaving cuneiform unexplored. To our knowledge, effects never been determined parkinsonian conditions any animal model. Here, we addressed this issue mouse model PD, based on bilateral striatal injection 6-hydroxydopamine, which damaged nigrostriatal pathway activity. We show selective optogenetic glutamatergic neurons mice expressing channelrhodopsin Cre-dependent manner Vglut2-positive (Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP mice) increased number initiations, time spent locomotion, controlled speed. Using learning-based movement analysis, found limb kinematics optogenetic-evoked locomotion pathological were largely similar those recorded intact animals. Our work identifies potentially clinically relevant target conditions. study should open avenues develop using stimulation, pharmacotherapy, or optogenetics.

Language: Английский

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Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 26, 2022

Abstract The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing glutamatergic neurons that control initiation and maintenance. These motor actions are deficient in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where dopaminergic neurodegeneration alters basal ganglia activity. Being downstream of the ganglia, PPN may be suitable target for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms. Here, we use vivo cell-type specific activation to restore function two mouse models parkinsonism made by acute pharmacological blockage dopamine transmission. With combination chemo- opto-genetics, show excitation caudal can normalize otherwise severe deficit PD, whereas targeting local GABAergic population only leads recovery slow locomotion. rescue driven independent activity nearby promoting Cuneiform neurons. Our observations point as potential neuromodulatory restoration PD.

Language: Английский

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Chemical Composition, In Vivo, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of the Effect of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil on Ochratoxin A-Induced Acute Neurotoxicity

Plants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 130 - 130

Published: Jan. 4, 2025

The aim of our research was to understand the impact ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure on various physiological and behavioral aspects in adult Wistar rats, evaluate efficacy a Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (EOC) treatment restoring damage caused by this toxin. oils were extracted hydrodistillation, yield 12.70% obtained for EOC, GC-MS characterization revealed that its principal major components are eugenol (80.95%), eugenyl acetate (10.48%), β-caryophyllene (7.21%), α-humulene (0.87%). Acute OTA intoxication induced an intraperitoneal (IP) injection 289 µg/kg/b.w. every 48 h 12 doses, resulting significant reductions body brain weights exposed rats when compared with controls. neurobehavioral analysis using several testing techniques, such as forced swimming, dark/light test, Morris water maze, open field clearly causes disorders, including decreased locomotor activity, reduced willingness explore environment, reflecting state stress, anxiety depression, well impaired memory learning. In addition, has been associated metabolic disturbances hyperglycemia hypercortisolemia. However, EOC mitigated these adverse effects improving function. silico affinities between clove two tested esterase enzymes (ACh BuChE) more than or similar four neurotransmitters “dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamic acid” co-crystallized ligands NAG, MES, GZ5. These results highlight therapeutic potential combating toxic pave way future into mechanisms action applications natural compounds prevention poison-induced diseases.

Language: Английский

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Dopamine: from prediction error to psychotherapy

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: May 25, 2020

Abstract Dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters in mammalian brain, has been implicated coding prediction errors that govern reward learning as well fear extinction learning. Psychotherapy too can be viewed a form error-based learning, because it challenges erroneous beliefs and behavioral patterns order to induce long-term changes emotions, cognitions, behaviors. Exposure therapy, for example, relies part on principles violate expectancies danger novel safety inhibits therefore reduces long term. As most forms psychotherapy, however, exposure therapy suffers from non-response, dropout, relapse. This narrative review focuses role midbrain prefrontal dopamine investigates possible pathways through which dopamine-based interventions could used an adjunct improve both response effects therapy. Convincing evidence exists involvement system acquisition new, safe memories. Additionally, is emerging key ingredient consolidation extinction. We propose applying error perspective psychotherapy inspire pharmacological non-pharmacological studies aimed at discovering innovative ways enhance we call further empirical investigations dopamine-oriented drugs might able maximize successful its retention after also include with putative dopaminergic effects, like working memory training.

Language: Английский

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Preparation, characterization, and optimization of asenapine maleate mucoadhesive nanoemulsion using Box-Behnken design: In vitro and in vivo studies for brain targeting

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 586, P. 119499 - 119499

Published: June 4, 2020

Language: Английский

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