Poultry Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
102(2), P. 102382 - 102382
Published: Dec. 6, 2022
T-2
toxin
is
a
dangerous
natural
pollutant
and
widely
exists
in
animal
feed,
often
causing
toxic
damage
to
poultry,
such
as
slow
growth
development,
immunosuppression,
death.
Although
geese
are
considered
the
most
sensitive
poultry
toxin,
exact
caused
by
elusive.
In
present
study,
total
of
forty
two
1-day-old
healthy
Yangzhou
male
goslings
were
randomly
allotted
seven
diets
contaminated
with
0,
0.2,
0.4,
0.6,
0.8,
1.0,
or
2.0
mg/kg
for
21
d,
effects
exposure
on
performance,
feather
quality,
tibia
blood
parameters
investigated.
The
results
showed
that
significantly
inhibited
feed
intake,
body
weight
gain,
shank
length
growth,
organ
development
(e.g.,
ileum,
cecum,
liver,
spleen,
bursa,
tibia)
dose-dependent
manner.
addition,
more
serious
feathering
abnormalities
observed
exposed
high
dose
(0.8,
mg/kg),
which
mainly
sparsely
covered
short,
dry,
rough,
curly,
gloss-free
feathers
back.
We
also
found
hypertrophic
chondrocytes
tibial
plate
exhibited
abnormal
morphology
nuclear
consolidation
loss,
accompanied
necrosis
excessive
apoptosis
under
exposure.
Moreover,
triggered
erythropenia,
thrombocytosis,
alanine
aminotransferase,
aspartate
aminotransferase
activity,
well
urea
nitrogen,
uric
acid,
lactic
dehydrogenase
levels.
Collectively,
these
data
indicate
had
an
adverse
effect
liver
kidney
goslings,
providing
crucial
information
toward
prevention
control
contamination
feed.
Poultry Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
103(3), P. 103471 - 103471
Published: Jan. 17, 2024
Contamination
of
feed
with
mycotoxins
has
become
a
severe
issue
worldwide.
Among
the
most
prevalent
trichothecene
mycotoxins,
T-2
toxin
is
particular
importance
for
livestock
production,
including
poultry
posing
significant
threat
to
animal
health
and
productivity.
This
review
article
aims
comprehensively
analyze
pathological
consequences,
metabolism,
toxic
effects
in
poultry.
Trichothecene
primarily
produced
by
Fusarium
species,
are
notorious
their
potent
toxicity.
exhibits
broad
spectrum
negative
on
leading
substantial
economic
losses
as
well
concerns
about
welfare
food
safety
modern
agriculture.
exposure
easily
results
consequences
gastrointestinal
tract,
parenchymal
tissues
like
liver
(as
key
organ
its
metabolism),
kidneys,
or
reproductive
organs.
In
addition,
it
also
intensely
damages
immune
system-related
such
spleen,
bursa
Fabricius,
thymus
causing
immunosuppression
increasing
susceptibility
animals
infectious
diseases,
making
immunization
programs
less
effective.
The
cellular
processes
transcriptional
translational
levels
induces
apoptosis
through
activation
numerous
signaling
cascades.
Furthermore,
according
recent
studies,
besides
direct
abovementioned
processes,
production
reactive
molecules
free
radicals
resulting
oxidative
distress
concomitantly
occurring
damage.
conclusion,
this
provides
complex
detailed
overview
mechanism
action
immunomodulatory
stress-related
toxin.
Understanding
these
crucial
developing
strategies
mitigate
impact
avian
future.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 27, 2025
T-2
toxin
is
a
highly
toxic
fungal
that
threatens
humans
and
animals'
health.
As
major
detoxifying
metabolic
organ,
the
kidney
also
target
of
toxin.
This
article
reviews
nephrotoxicity
research
progress,
covering
renal
structure
function
damage,
mechanisms,
detoxification
methods
to
future
directions.
damages
structure,
causing
dysfunction.
The
mechanism
involves
multiple
factors
including
oxidative
stress,
endoplasmic
reticulum
mitophagy,
inflammatory
responses,
apoptosis,
which
are
intertwined
interdependent.
Current
strategies
mainly
involve
reducing
in
feedstuff
using
antioxidant
substances,
but
both
have
limits.
Future
should
focus
on
cells
sensitivity
toxin,
exploring
key
molecules
toxin's
nephrotoxicity,
injury's
impact
other
organs,
better
methods.
review
aims
guide
underpin
toxin-induced
prevention
treatment.
Toxicology Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14, P. 101952 - 101952
Published: Feb. 7, 2025
A
comprehensive
overview
of
food
mycotoxins,
their
toxicity,
and
contemporary
detoxification
techniques
is
given
in
this
article.
Mycotoxins,
which
are
harmful
secondary
metabolites
generated
by
a
variety
fungi,
including
Fusarium,
Aspergillus,
Penicillium,
provide
serious
health
concerns
to
humans
animals.
These
include
hepatotoxicity,
neurotoxicity,
carcinogenicity.
Mycotoxins
commonly
found
basic
products,
as
evidenced
recent
studies,
raising
worries
about
public
safety.
The
article
discusses
detection
such
enzyme-linked
immunosorbent
assays
(ELISA),
quick
strip
tests.
Moreover,
the
use
various
control
systems
associated
with
mycotoxinis
highlighted.
In
addition,
novel
strategies
nanotechnology,
plant
extracts,
omics
studies
were
also
discussed.
When
taken
whole,
analysis
helps
clarify
pressing
need
for
efficient
management
monitoring
prevent
mycotoxin
contamination
chain.
Poultry Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
104(5), P. 105071 - 105071
Published: March 20, 2025
Heat
stress
is
a
critical
challenge
in
the
poultry
industry.
It
arises
when
birds
are
exposed
to
elevated
ambient
temperatures
beyond
their
thermoneutral
zone,
often
exacerbated
by
high
humidity
and
inadequate
ventilation.
This
condition
disrupts
birds'
ability
maintain
thermal
homeostasis,
leading
physiological
behavioral
changes
such
as
increased
panting,
reduced
feed
intake,
water
consumption.
These
responses
aim
dissipate
heat
but
result
energy
imbalances,
oxidative
stress,
impaired
immune
function.
Green
tea
polyphenols
(GTPs)
mitigate
modulating
pathways,
primarily
scavenging
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
enhancing
antioxidant
defense
mechanisms.
pathways
play
pivotal
role
neutralizing
ROS
generated
during
inflammation,
exposure
electrophilic
compounds.
action
helps
restore
cellular
balance
enhances
overall
mechanisms
converting
harmful
free
radicals
into
less
molecules,
oxygen.
Nuclear
factor
(erythroid-derived
2)-like
2
(Nrf2)
plays
significant
character
activation
of
enzymatic
antioxidants
network.
translocates
nucleus
upon
activation,
binds
response
elements
(AREs)
promoter
regions
target
genes,
upregulates
expression
key
enzymes.
Therefore,
regulation
Nrf2
considered
molecular
marker
mitigating
effects
its
detoxification
enzymes,
protecting
against
damage
inflammation
induced
temperatures.
exploratory
review
summarizes
anti-oxidative
GTPs
poultry.
highlights
cytoprotective
basis
epigallocatechin-3-gallate
(EGCG),
particularly
Nrf2-mediated
which
enhance
systems
protect
damage.
Animal nutrition,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
16, P. 251 - 266
Published: Dec. 4, 2023
T-2
toxin
is
one
of
the
most
widespread
and
toxic
fungal
toxins
in
food
feed.
It
can
cause
gastrointestinal
toxicity,
hepatotoxicity,
immunotoxicity,
reproductive
neurotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity
humans
animals.
physicochemically
stable
does
not
readily
degrade
during
feed
processing.
Therefore,
suppressing
toxin-induced
organ
toxicity
through
antidotes
an
urgent
issue.
Protective
agents
against
have
been
recorded
widely
literature,
but
these
protective
their
molecular
mechanisms
detoxification
comprehensively
summarized.
In
this
review,
we
provide
overview
various
to
underlying
effects.
Targeting
appropriate
targets
antagonize
also
important
option.
This
review
will
essential
guidance
strategies
for
better
application
development
specific
future.
Toxins,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(10), P. 678 - 678
Published: Sept. 29, 2022
Mycotoxin-contaminated
feeds
may
negatively
affect
broiler
chickens’
health;
hence,
a
sustainable
approach
to
achieve
mycotoxin
elimination
is
necessary.
This
study
aimed
evaluate
the
efficacy
of
red
yeast
(Sporidiobolus
pararoseus;
RY)
as
novel
binder
in
broilers.
A
total
1440
one-week-old
male
chicks
were
randomly
assigned
12
treatments
3
×
4
factorial
design.
The
dietary
included
three
levels
mycotoxin-contaminated
diets
(0
µg
kg−1
(0%
mycotoxin;
MT),
50
(50%
and
100
(100%
MT))
four
binders
(0.0
0.5
g
commercial
binder,
1.0
RY).
Experimental
contaminated
with
aflatoxin
B1,
zearalenone,
ochratoxin
A,
T-2
toxin,
deoxynivalenol
basal
diet.
Furthermore,
parameters
including
feed
intake,
body
weight,
mortality
rate
recorded
on
weekly
basis.
After
feeding
for
28
days,
blood
organ
samples
collected
determine
biochemistry,
relative
weights,
gut
health.
results
indicated
that
reduced
average
daily
weight
gain
(ADG),
villus
height
(VH),
per
crypt
depth
ratio
(VH:CD)
intestine,
well
population
Lactobacillus
sp.
Bifidobacterium
cecal
(p
<
0.05),
whereas
they
increased
mycotoxins
concentration
apoptosis
cells
(TUNEL
positive)
liver
tissue
0.01)
chicken.
In
contrast,
RY-supplemented
had
better
ADG
values
lower
chicken
rates
0.05).
Moreover,
these
combinations
positively
impacted
parameters,
bacteria
population,
intestinal
morphology,
pathological
changes
hepatocytes
conclusion,
RY
supplementation
effectively
alleviated
toxicity
induced
by
AFB1
OTA,
mainly,
could
potentially
be
applied
additive
industry.
Toxins,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(3), P. 154 - 154
Published: March 16, 2024
In
the
context
of
nephrotoxic
risks
associated
with
environmental
contaminants,
this
study
focused
on
impact
mycotoxin
exposure
renal
health
laying
hens,
particular
attention
to
oxidative
stress
pathways.
Sixty
hens
were
assigned
three
groups—a
control
group
(CON),
a
low-dose
(LOW),
and
high-dose
(HIGH)—and
monitored
for
72
h.
Mycotoxin
contamination
involved
T-2/HT-2
toxin,
DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON,
FB1
at
their
EU-recommended
levels
(low
mix)
double
doses
(high
mix).
Clinical
assessments
revealed
no
signs
toxicity
or
notable
weight
changes.
Analysis
glutathione
redox
system
parameters
demonstrated
that
reduced
content
was
lower
than
in
controls
48
h
higher
Glutathione
peroxidase
activity
increased
response
exposure.
addition,
gene
expression
patterns
key
redox-sensitive
pathways,
including
Keap1-Nrf2-ARE
AhR
pathway,
examined.
Notably,
profiles
dynamic
responses
over
time,
underscoring
intricate
interplay
redox-related
mechanisms
kidney.
This
sheds
light
early
effects
mixtures
hens’
kidneys
potential
stress.
