Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress: An Integral, Updated and Critical Overview of Their Metabolic Interconnections

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(11), P. 9352 - 9352

Published: May 27, 2023

This review focuses on the multiple and reciprocal relationships that exist between oxidative stress, hyperglycemia diabetes related metabolic disorders. Human metabolism uses most of consumed glucose under aerobic conditions. Oxygen is needed in mitochondria to obtain energy, as well for action microsomal oxidases cytosolic pro-oxidant enzymes. relentlessly generates a certain amount reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although ROS are intracellular signals necessary some physiological processes, their accumulation leads hyperglycemia, progressive resistance insulin. A cellular versus an antioxidant equilibrium would regulate levels, but pro-inflammatory conditions feed back each other relevance interconnections tends increase those Hyperglycemia promotes collateral through protein kinase C, polyols hexosamine routes. In addition, it also facilitates spontaneous auto-oxidation formation advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which turn interact with receptors (RAGE). The mentioned processes undermine structures, finally giving place progressively greater degree stress further alterations, complications. NFκB major transcription factor involved expression mediators, while Nrf2 regulating response. FoxO equilibrium, its role controversial. summarizes key factors linking diverse routes enhanced vice versa, emphasizing desirable balance proteins.

Language: Английский

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Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Involvement in Red Blood Cell Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released in cells are signaling molecules but can also modify proteins. Red blood perform a major role maintaining the balance of redox blood. The main cytosolic protein RBC is hemoglobin (Hb), which accounts for 95-97%. Most other proteins involved protecting cell from oxidative stress. Hemoglobin factor initiating stress within erythrocyte. RBCs be damaged by exogenous oxidants. Hb autoxidation leads to generation superoxide radical, catalyzed or spontaneous dismutation produces hydrogen peroxide. Both oxidants induce hemichrome formation, heme degradation, and release free iron catalyst radical reactions. To maintain balance, appropriate antioxidants present cytosol, such as dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2), well low molecular weight antioxidants: glutathione, ascorbic acid, lipoic α-tocopherol, β-carotene, others. Redox imbalance may associated with overproduction ROS and/or insufficient capacity antioxidant system. Oxidative performs key CKD evidenced high level markers damage proteins, lipids, DNA vivo. In addition ROS, reduced observed, decrease activity SOD, GPx, PRDX2, antioxidants. addition, hemodialysis accompanied low-biocompatibility dialysis membranes activate phagocytic cells, especially neutrophils monocytes, leading respiratory burst. This review shows production under normal conditions its impact on disease progression. red (RBCs) their contribution cardiovascular discussed.

Language: Английский

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NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(6), P. 660 - 686

Published: May 18, 2022

Language: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 5079 - 5079

Published: March 7, 2023

Despite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death be caused by, a symptom of, wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators have also been recognized as triggers inhibitors Eukaryotic are unique among their membrane distribution phospholipids. The change in RBC composition outer leaflet occurs variety diseases, including sickle disease, renal leukemia, Parkinson’s diabetes. Eryptotic erythrocytes exhibit morphological alterations such shrinkage, swelling, increased granulation. Biochemical changes include cytosolic Ca2+ increase, oxidative stress, stimulation caspases, metabolic exhaustion, ceramide accumulation. Eryptosis is effective mechanism for elimination dysfunctional due to senescence, infection, injury prevent hemolysis. Nevertheless, excessive eryptosis associated with multiple pathologies, most notably anemia, abnormal microcirculation, prothrombotic risk; all which contribute pathogenesis several In this review, we provide overview molecular mechanisms, physiological pathophysiological relevance eryptosis, well potential role natural synthetic compounds modulating survival death.

Language: Английский

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Diabetic Nephropathy: Significance of Determining Oxidative Stress and Opportunities for Antioxidant Therapies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(15), P. 12378 - 12378

Published: Aug. 3, 2023

Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the category of socially significant diseases with epidemic rates increases in prevalence. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a specific kind kidney damage that occurs 40% patients DM and considered serious complication DM. Most modern methods for treatments aimed at slowing down progression DN have side effects do not produce unambiguous positive results long term. This fact has encouraged researchers search additional or alternative treatment methods. Hyperglycemia negative effect on renal structures due number factors, including activation polyol hexosamine glucose metabolism pathways, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sympathetic nervous systems, accumulation advanced glycation end products insulin resistance endothelial dysfunction tissues. The above mechanisms cause development oxidative stress (OS) reactions mitochondrial dysfunction, which turn contribute DN. Modern antioxidant therapies involve various phytochemicals (food antioxidants, resveratrol, curcumin, alpha-lipoic acid preparations, etc.), are widely used only diabetes but also other systemic diseases. It been suggested therapeutic approaches target source reactive oxygen species may certain advantages terms nephroprotection from OS. review describes significance studies OS biomarkers pathogenesis analyzes reducing intensity prevention

Language: Английский

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Diabetes and Renal Complications: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Interventions

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1098 - 1098

Published: May 15, 2024

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. DKD characterised by injury to glomerular tubular compartments, leading dysfunction over time. It one the most common causes chronic (CKD) end-stage renal (ESRD). Persistent high blood glucose levels can damage small vessels in kidneys, impairing their ability filter waste fluids from effectively. Other factors like pressure (hypertension), genetics, lifestyle habits also contribute development progression DKD. The key features complications diabetes include morphological functional alterations glomeruli tubules mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, homogenous thickening basement membrane (GBM), albuminuria, tubulointerstitial fibrosis progressive decline function. In advanced stages, may require treatments such as dialysis or transplant sustain life. Therefore, early detection proactive management its are crucial preventing preserving

Language: Английский

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Uremic Toxins and Their Relation with Oxidative Stress Induced in Patients with CKD

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(12), P. 6196 - 6196

Published: June 8, 2021

The presence of toxins is believed to be a major factor in the development uremia patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal (ESRD). Uremic have been divided into 3 groups: small substances dissolved water, medium molecules: peptides low molecular weight proteins, protein-bound toxins. One earliest known urea, concentration which was considered negligible CKD patients. However, subsequent studies shown that it can lead increased production reactive oxygen species (ROS), induce insulin resistance vitro vivo, as well cause carbamylation peptides, amino acids. Other uremic their participation damage caused by oxidative stress biological material are also presented. Macromolecules molecules modified result carbamylation, stress, adducts toxins, may cardiovascular diseases, risk mortality CKD.

Language: Английский

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Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients CKD direct result CVD. The premature extends from mild to moderate stages, the severity CVD death increase decline in function. Successful transplantation significantly decreases relative long-term dialysis treatment; nevertheless, prevalence remains is responsible 20-35% mortality renal transplant recipients. traditional nontraditional factors higher recipients compared general population; however, it can only partly explain highly increased burden patients. Nontraditional factors, unique patients, include proteinuria, disturbed calcium, phosphate metabolism, anemia, fluid overload, accumulation uremic toxins. This toxins associated systemic alterations including inflammation oxidative stress which considered crucial progression CKD-related Kidney mitigate impact some these but they typically persist degree following transplantation. Taking into consideration scarcity data on waste products, stress, their relation atherosclerosis transplantation, review, we discussed vascular dysfunction Special attention was paid role native transplanted

Language: Английский

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Proximate composition and health benefit of Roselle leaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Insight on food and health benefits

Food Chemistry Advances, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3, P. 100437 - 100437

Published: Sept. 11, 2023

Zobo leaves, also known as Roselle leaves are of the Malvaceae plant Hibiscus sabdariffa, they a common culinary ingredient well traditional medicine in many countries including their role treating various ailments and promoting overall health. The biological properties this have been studied found to be benefit general improvement health such anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer effects, potency against respiratory infections, skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders etcetera. These all stem from bioactive components (anthocyanins, polyphenols, flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, malic ascorbic hibiscus acid contained it. Our review focuses on these sabdariffa compounds that responsible for them. nature, proximate composition nutrient mineral content, physicochemical uses according different cultures included our work. Finally, importance further research fully understand pharmacology potential therapeutic applications leaf its highlighted.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Kidney Injury

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 1772 - 1772

Published: Sept. 16, 2023

Acute kidney injury and chronic disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients acute at an increased risk of developing disease. One injury’s clinical sequelae is cardiovascular morbidity mortality. In recent years, new insights into pathophysiology renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress imbalance favoring generation ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms pivotal importance, not only development progression but also understanding enhanced these patients. This article summarizes emphasizes role oxidative injury, various forms disease, patients on replacement therapy (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, after transplant). Additionally, drug-related nephrotoxicity exposure to environmental occupational pollutants presented.

Language: Английский

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