The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1613 - 1613

Published: July 16, 2019

The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden care. Dietary patterns environmental factors have profound effect on shaping microbiota real time. Diverse populations intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through fermentation dietary fiber produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with roles lipid homeostasis reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that individual's starting microbial profile is key determinant predicting response intervention live probiotics. complex challenging characterize. Enterotypes been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, ratio Firmicutes Bacteroidetes phyla, relative abundance genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition bacterial are linked physiologic along different axes. We review diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, prebiotic maintaining healthy flora. implications discussed for various including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory disease, depression, cardiovascular disease.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

The gut microbiota plays an important role in cardio-metabolic diseases with diet being among the strongest modulators of composition and function. Resistant dietary carbohydrates are fermented to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by bacteria. Fiber omega-3 rich diets increase SCFAs production abundance SCFA-producing Likewise, can improve barrier integrity, glucose, lipid metabolism, regulate immune system, inflammatory response, blood pressure. Therefore, targeting strategies leading increased SCFA may benefit health. In this review, we provide overview association between diet, produced diseases. We first discuss human diseases, then investigate finally explore beneficial effects specific interventions that outcomes through boosting production.

Language: Английский

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Gut-Liver Axis, Gut Microbiota, and Its Modulation in the Management of Liver Diseases: A Review of the Literature

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(2), P. 395 - 395

Published: Jan. 17, 2019

The rapid scientific interest in gut microbiota (GM) has coincided with a global increase the prevalence of infectious and non-infectivous liver diseases. GM, which is also called "the new virtual metabolic organ", makes axis number extraintestinal organs, such as kidneys, brain, cardiovascular, bone system. gut-liver attracted greater attention recent years. GM communication bi-directional involves endocrine immunological mechanisms. In this way, gut-dysbiosis composition "ancient" could be linked to pathogenesis numerous chronic diseases hepatitis B (CHB), C (CHC), alcoholic disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty (NAFLD), steatohepatitis (NASH), development cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). paper, we discuss current evidence supporting role management different potential therapeutic targets, like fecal transplantation, antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics. We conclude that population-level shifts play regulatory and, consequently, etiopathogenesis This have positive impact on future strategies.

Language: Английский

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Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 699 - 699

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and some types cancer) are rising worldwide. All them share the condition an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is greatest modulator system–microbiota crosstalk, much interest, new challenges, arising area precision nutrition as a way towards treatment prevention. It fact that westernized (WD) partly responsible for increased prevalence NCDs, negatively affecting both microbiota system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such Mediterranean (MD), positively influence system microbiota, proposed not only potential tool clinical management different disease conditions, but prevention health promotion globally. Thus, purpose review determine regulatory role components WD MD interplay, order understand, create awareness of, over key components.

Language: Английский

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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer Development and Therapy Response

Cancers, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1406 - 1406

Published: May 29, 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common worldwide and leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota can alter CRC susceptibility progression by modulating mechanisms such as inflammation DNA damage, producing metabolites involved in tumor or suppression. Dysbiosis has been observed patients with CRC, a decrease commensal bacterial species (butyrate-producing bacteria) an enrichment detrimental populations (pro-inflammatory opportunistic pathogens). characterized altered production directly metabolism including short-chain fatty acids polyamines. Emerging evidence suggests diet important impact on risk development. The intake high-fiber diets supplementation polyunsaturated acids, polyphenols probiotics, which are known to regulate microbiota, could be not only potential mechanism for reduction primary prevention setting, but may also enhance response therapy when used adjuvant conventional treatment CRC. Therefore, personalized modulation pattern microbiome promising approach prevent development improve efficacy antitumoral therapy.

Language: Английский

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Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health

Advances in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1239 - 1285

Published: Dec. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

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Associations among Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, the Gut Microbiota, and Intestinal Immunity

Mediators of Inflammation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021, P. 1 - 11

Published: Jan. 2, 2021

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In addition to altering the structure and function of cell membranes, omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), alpha-linolenic (ALA), docosapentaenoic (DPA)) exert different effects on intestinal immune tolerance gut microbiota maintenance. Firstly, we review effect microbiota. And immunity inflammation were described. Furthermore, important roles in maintaining balance between discussed. Additional factors, such as obesity diseases (NAFLD, gastrointestinal malignancies or cancer, bacterial viral infections), associated with variability PUFA metabolism, can influence PUFAs–microbiome–immune system interactions tract also play regulating immunity. This identifies several pathways by modulates through PUFAs. supplementation be targeted specific prevent alleviate diseases, may help researchers identify innovative diagnostic methods.

Language: Английский

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Arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids and some of their metabolites function as endogenous antimicrobial molecules: A review

Journal of Advanced Research, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 11, P. 57 - 66

Published: Jan. 3, 2018

Our body is endowed with several endogenous anti-microbial compounds such as interferon, cytokines, free radicals, etc. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that lipids could function antimicrobial compounds. In this short review, actions of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, mainly acids) and their putative mechanisms action are described. general, PUFAs kill microbes by direct on microbial cell membranes, enhancing generation augmenting formation lipid peroxides cytotoxic, increasing bioactive metabolites, prostaglandins, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins maresins enhance phagocytic leukocytes macrophages. Higher intakes α-linolenic cis-linoleic (ALA LA respectively) fish (a rich source eicosapentaenoic acid docosahexaenoic acid) might reduce risk pneumonia. Previously, it was suggested (PUFAs): linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic (GLA), dihomo-GLA (DGLA), arachidonic (AA), (EPA), (DHA) anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, immunomodulating agents. A variety bacteria sensitive growth inhibitory ALA in vitro. Hydrolyzed linseed oil can methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Both AA have ability inactivate herpes, influenza, Sendai, Sindbis virus within minutes contact. AA, EPA, DHA induce death Plasmodium falciparum both vitro vivo. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) prostaglandin (PGA), derived from DGLA, EPA inhibit viral replication show anti-viral activity. Oral mucosa, epidermal cells, lymphocytes macrophages contain release significant amounts stimulation. stimulate NADPH-dependent superoxide production macrophages, neutrophils invading microorganisms. Cytokines membrane pool, a potential mechanism for action. give rise lipoxins (LXs), protectins, limit resolve inflammation actions. Thus, metabolites broad

Language: Английский

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Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 19(4), P. 1908 - 1933

Published: May 26, 2020

Abstract The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. functional have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid shaping of gut microflora promotion immunity. These components contribute preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms these positive influences health still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize major contents found consumable foods, present an overview direct indirect benefits provide contributors certain families metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids polyunsaturated produced by or flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins that foods. influence microbiota stimulating growth microbes production metabolites that, turn, host, while providing protection from pathogens maintaining a balanced ecosystem. complex interactions arise among food ingredients, physiology, microbiota, their respective metabolic pathways minimize several factors incidence chronic disease, inflammation oxidative stress.

Language: Английский

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