Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 2099 - 2099

Published: June 19, 2021

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among metabolic, peripheral immune, central nervous systems via microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it not well understood how microbiome neurons mutually interact or these interactions affect normal functioning cognition. We summarize mechanisms whereby regulate production, transportation, neurotransmitters. also discuss dysbiosis affects function, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease.

Language: Английский

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Brain–gut–microbiota axis in depression: A historical overview and future directions

Brain Research Bulletin, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 182, P. 44 - 56

Published: Feb. 11, 2022

Depression is the most common mental disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite abundant research, precise mechanisms underlying pathophysiology depression remain elusive. Accumulating evidence from preclinical clinical studies suggests that alterations in gut microbiota, microbe-derived short-chain fatty acids, D-amino acids metabolites play key role via brain–gut–microbiota axis, including neural immune systems. Notably, axis might crucial susceptibility versus resilience rodents exposed to stress. Vagotomy reported block depression-like phenotypes after fecal microbiota transplantation "depression-related" microbiome, suggesting vagus nerve influences through axis. In this article, we review recent findings regarding discuss its potential as therapeutic target for depression.

Language: Английский

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Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

Abstract The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. vast genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every aspect biology, including health maintenance, development, aging, disease. advent new sequencing technologies culture-independent methods has allowed researchers to move beyond correlative studies toward mechanistic explorations shed light on microbiome–host interactions. Evidence unveiled bidirectional communication between central nervous system, referred as “microbiota–gut–brain axis”. microbiota–gut–brain axis represents an important regulator glial functions, making it actionable target ameliorate development progression neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss mechanisms As provides essential cues microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, examine communications microbiota these cells during healthy states Subsequently, diseases using metabolite-centric approach, while also examining role microbiota-related neurotransmitters hormones. Next, targeting intestinal barrier, blood–brain meninges, peripheral immune system counteract dysfunction neurodegeneration. Finally, conclude by assessing pre-clinical clinical evidence probiotics, prebiotics, fecal transplantation A thorough comprehension will foster effective therapeutic interventions for management

Language: Английский

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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 37 - 37

Published: Dec. 24, 2020

For years, it has been reported that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Various external and internal factors may contribute to early onset AD. This review highlights a contribution disturbances in microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis development Alteration gut microbiota composition determined by increase permeability barrier immune cell activation, leading impairment blood–brain function promotes neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, neural injury, ultimately Numerous studies have shown plays crucial role brain changes behavior individuals formation bacterial amyloids. Lipopolysaccharides amyloids synthesized can trigger cells residing activate response neuroinflammation. Growing experimental clinical data indicate prominent dysbiosis microbiota–host interactions Modulation with antibiotics or probiotic supplementation create new preventive therapeutic options Accumulating evidences affirm research on MGB involvement AD necessary for treatment targets therapies

Language: Английский

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Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 1838 - 1838

Published: Sept. 14, 2022

Gut bacteria play an important role in the digestion of food, immune activation, and regulation entero-endocrine signaling pathways, but also communicate with central nervous system (CNS) through production specific metabolic compounds, e.g., bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) histamine. Afferent vagus nerve (VN) fibers that transport signals from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) gut microbiota to brain are linked receptors esophagus, liver, pancreas. In response these stimuli, sends back entero-epithelial cells via efferent VN fibers. Fibers not direct contact wall or intestinal microbiota. Instead, reach 100 500 million neurons enteric (ENS) submucosa myenteric plexus wall. The modulation, development, renewal ENS controlled by microbiota, especially those ability produce metabolize hormones. Signals generated hypothalamus pituitary adrenal glands hypothalamic axis (HPA). SCFAs produced adhere free (FFARs) on surface epithelial (IECs) interact enter circulatory system. alter synthesis degradation neurotransmitters. This review focuses effect have neurotransmitters vice versa.

Language: Английский

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Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: beyond the NMDA receptor

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 559 - 573

Published: May 7, 2021

The discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder research. is racemic mixture equal amounts (R)-ketamine (arketamine) and (S)-ketamine (esketamine). In 2019, an esketamine nasal spray from Johnson & was approved United States America Europe for treatment-resistant depression. However, increasing number preclinical studies show that arketamine greater potency longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than rodents, despite lower binding affinity NMDAR. clinical trials, non-ketamine NMDAR-related compounds did not exhibit ketamine-like patients with depression, these showing rodents. Thus, rodent data do necessarily translate to humans due complexity human psychiatric disorders. Collectively, available indicate it unlikely NMDAR plays major role action its enantiomers, although precise molecular mechanisms underlying enantiomers remain unclear. this paper, we review recent findings on potent enantiomer arketamine. Furthermore, discuss possible brain-gut-microbiota axis brain-spleen stress-related disorders Finally, potential as treatment cognitive impairment disorders, Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, stroke.

Language: Английский

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Crosstalk between Gut and Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation Strategies

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 690 - 690

Published: Feb. 21, 2021

The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies suggest GM can influence health host, several factors modify composition, such as diet, drug intake, lifestyle, geographical locations. Gut dysbiosis affect brain immune homeostasis through microbiota-gut-brain axis play key role pathogenesis neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia Alzheimer's disease (AD). relationship between AD is still elusive, but emerging evidence suggests it enhance secretion lipopolysaccharides amyloids may disturb intestinal permeability blood-brain barrier. In addition, promote hallmarks AD, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta formation, insulin resistance, ultimately causation neural death. Poor dietary habits aging, along with inflammatory responses due to dysbiosis, contribute AD. Thus, modulation probiotics, or fecal transplantation could represent potential therapeutics this review, we discuss therapeutic strategies modulate

Language: Английский

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Cognitive function improvement after fecal microbiota transplantation in Alzheimer’s dementia patient: a case report

Current Medical Research and Opinion, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 37(10), P. 1739 - 1744

Published: July 22, 2021

After fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to treat Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), cognitive improvement is noticeable, suggesting an essential association between the gut microbiome and neural function. Although it known that linked with function, whether FMT may lead in patients neurodegenerative disorders remains be elucidated. We present case of a 90-year-old woman Alzheimer's dementia severe CDI who underwent FMT. Cognitive function testing (Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Assessment, Clinical Dementia Rating assessment) was performed one month before week after collected patients' samples 3 weeks compare composition. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons were analyzed using QIIME2 platform (version 2020.2) Phyloseq R package. linear discriminant analysis effect size determine taxonomic difference pre- post-FMT. Functional biomarker Kruskal–Wallis H test tests showed compared procedure. changed composition recipient feces. found genera reported associated In addition, short-chain fatty acids significantly different This finding suggests presence Further, emphasizes need for clinical awareness regarding on brain-gut-microbiome axis its potential as therapy dementia.

Language: Английский

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Dietary polyphenols: regulate the advanced glycation end products-RAGE axis and the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent neurodegenerative diseases

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(29), P. 9816 - 9842

Published: May 19, 2022

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in non-enzymatic reaction, oxidation, rearrangement and cross-linking between the active carbonyl groups of reducing sugars free amines amino acids. The Maillard reaction is related to sensory characteristics thermal processed food, while AGEs food matrix this process. a key link stress neurodegenerative disease. can interact with receptors for (RAGE), causing oxidative stress, inflammation response signal pathways activation diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases closely gut microbiota imbalance intestinal inflammation. Polyphenols multiple hydroxyl showed powerful ability scavenge ROS capture α-dicarbonyl species, which led formation mono- di- adducts, thereby inhibiting formation. be effectively prevented by production, interaction RAGEs, or regulating microbiota-gut-brain axis. These strategies include polyphenols multifunctional effects on inhibition, RAGE-ligand interactions blocking, abundance diversity microbiota, alleviation delay prevent progress. It wise promising strategy supplement dietary preventing via AGEs-RAGE axis regulation.

Language: Английский

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Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Dec. 6, 2023

Gut-liver-brain axis is a three-way highway of information interaction system among the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous systems. In past few decades, breakthrough progress has been made in gut liver brain axis, mainly through understanding its formation mechanism increasing treatment strategies. this review, we discuss various complex networks including barrier permeability, hormones, microbial metabolites, vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, immunity, toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, epigenetic regulation gut-liver-brain axis. Some therapies containing antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), polyphenols, low FODMAP diet nanotechnology application regulate Besides, some special treatments targeting gut-liver include farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, takeda G protein-coupled 5 (TGR5) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) antagonists fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogs. Targeting gut-brain embraces cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressants tryptophan metabolism-related therapies. liver-brain contains Aβ future, better interactions will promote development novel preventative strategies discovery precise therapeutic targets multiple diseases.

Language: Английский

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