Science Advances,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
8(35)
Published: Sept. 2, 2022
Vitiligo
is
an
acquired
skin
depigmentation
disease
involving
multiple
pathogenetic
mechanisms,
which
ultimately
direct
cytotoxic
CD8
+
cells
to
destroy
melanocytes.
Abnormalities
have
been
described
in
several
even
pigmented
as
expression
of
a
functional
inherited
defect.
Keratinocytes
regulate
homeostasis
by
the
assembly
proper
barrier
and
releasing
responding
cytokines
growth
factors.
Alterations
epidermal
proliferation,
differentiation,
lipid
composition
triggers
for
immune
response
activation
vitiligo
not
yet
investigated.
By
applying
cellular
lipidomic
approaches,
we
revealed
deregulated
keratinocyte
differentiation
with
altered
composition,
associated
impaired
energy
metabolism
increased
glycolytic
enzyme
expression.
keratinocytes
secreted
inflammatory
mediators,
further
following
mild
mechanical
stress,
thus
evidencing
activation.
These
findings
identify
intrinsic
alterations
nonlesional
epidermis,
can
be
prime
instigator
local
milieu
that
stimulates
responses
targeting
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Jan. 26, 2021
The
skin
microbial
community
is
a
multifunctional
ecosystem
aiding
prevention
of
infections
from
transient
pathogens,
maintenance
host
immune
homeostasis,
and
health.
A
better
understanding
the
complex
milieu
microbe-microbe
host-microbe
interactions
will
be
required
to
define
ecosystem’s
optimal
function
enable
rational
design
microbiome
targeted
interventions.
Malassezia
,
fungal
genus
currently
comprising
18
species
numerous
functionally
distinct
strains,
are
lipid-dependent
basidiomycetous
yeasts
integral
components
microbiome.
high
proportion
in
makes
their
role
healthy
diseased
crucial
development
functional
health
knowledge
normal,
homeostasis.
Over
last
decade,
new
tools
for
culture,
detection,
genetic
manipulation
have
revealed
not
only
ubiquity
on
but
pathogenic
roles
seborrheic
dermatitis,
psoriasis,
Crohn’s
disease,
pancreatic
ductal
carcinoma.
Application
these
continues
peel
back
layers
/skin
interactions,
including
clear
examples
pathogenicity,
commensalism,
potential
protective
or
beneficial
activities
creating
mutualism.
Our
increased
host-
microbe-specific
should
lead
identification
key
factors
that
maintain
state
mutualism
or,
turn,
initiate
changes.
These
approaches
leading
toward
therapeutic
targets
treatment
options.
This
review
discusses
recent
developments
expanded
our
’s
microbiome,
with
focus
its
multiple
disease
as
commensal,
pathogen,
protector.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
149(6), P. 1875 - 1898
Published: March 23, 2022
Atopic
dermatitis
(AD)
is
a
common,
chronic-relapsing
inflammatory
skin
disease
with
significant
burden.
Genetic
and
environmental
trigger
factors
contribute
to
AD,
activating
2
of
our
largest
organs,
the
nervous
system
immune
system.
Dysregulation
neuroimmune
circuits
plays
key
role
in
pathophysiology
causing
inflammation,
pruritus,
pain,
barrier
dysfunction.
Sensory
nerves
can
be
activated
by
or
endogenous
factors,
transmitting
itch
stimuli
brain.
On
stimulation,
sensory
nerve
endings
also
release
neuromediators
into
skin,
contributing
again
dysfunction,
itch.
In
addition,
dysfunctional
peripheral
central
neuronal
structures
neuroinflammation,
sensitization,
elongation,
neuropathic
itch,
thus
chronification
therapy
resistance.
Consequently,
may
targets
treat
pruritus
AD.
Cytokines,
chemokines,
proteases,
lipids,
opioids,
ions
excite/sensitize
endings,
which
not
only
induces
but
further
aggravates/perpetuates
disruption,
as
well.
Thus,
targeted
therapies
for
well
pathway
inhibitors
(eg,
kinase
inhibitors)
beneficial
control
AD
either
systemic
and/or
topical
form.
Understanding
signaling
will
optimize
approach
all
pathological
mechanisms
pruritus.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(23), P. 2745 - 2745
Published: Nov. 30, 2023
An
intact
barrier
function
of
the
skin
is
important
in
maintaining
health.
The
regulation
depends
on
a
multitude
molecular
and
immunological
signaling
pathways.
By
examining
healthy
barrier,
including
maintenance
acid
mantle
appropriate
levels
ceramides,
dermatologists
can
better
formulate
solutions
to
address
issues
that
are
related
disrupted
barrier.
Conversely,
by
understanding
specific
disruptions
associated
with
conditions,
such
as
atopic
dermatitis
or
psoriasis,
development
new
compounds
could
target
pathways
provide
more
effective
relief
for
patients.
We
aim
review
key
factors
mediating
inflammation,
acidity,
interleukins,
nuclear
factor
kappa
B,
sirtuin
3.
Furthermore,
we
will
discuss
current
emerging
treatment
options
conditions.
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
91(3), P. 457 - 465
Published: May 20, 2024
BackgroundTapinarof
cream
1%
once
daily
(QD),
a
topical
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
agonist,
downregulates
pro-inflammatory
Th2
cytokines,
upregulates
skin-barrier
components,
and
reduces
oxidative
stress.ObjectiveTo
assess
tapinarof
efficacy
safety
in
adults
children
down
to
2
years
of
age
with
atopic
dermatitis
(AD).MethodsEight
hundred
thirteen
patients
were
randomized
or
vehicle
QD
two
8-week
phase
3
trials.ResultsThe
primary
endpoint,
Validated
Investigator
Global
Assessment
for
Atopic
Dermatitis
score
0
1
≥2-grade
improvement
from
baseline
at
Week
8,
was
met
statistical
significance
both
trials:
45.4%
versus
13.9%
46.4%
18.0%
(tapinarof
vs
vehicle;
P
<
.0001).
Significantly
superior
Eczema
Area
Severity
Index
75
(EASI75)
responses
also
observed
8:
55.8%
22.9%
59.1%
21.2%
(both
Rapid
improvements
patient-reported
pruritus
significant
vehicle.
Common
adverse
events
(≥5%)
folliculitis,
headache,
nasopharyngitis
mostly
mild
moderate,
lower
discontinuations
due
the
groups
than
vehicle.LimitationsLong-term
not
assessed.ConclusionTapinarof
demonstrated
highly
favorable
tolerability
diverse
population
AD
age.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(21), P. 11676 - 11676
Published: Oct. 28, 2021
The
epidermis
is
a
living,
multilayered
barrier
with
five
functional
levels,
including
physical,
chemical,
microbial,
neuronal,
and
an
immune
level.
Altogether,
this
complex
organ
contributes
to
protect
the
host
from
external
aggression
preserve
its
integrity.
In
review,
we
focused
on
different
aspects.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: April 7, 2022
Atopic
dermatitis
(AD)
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
skin
disease
characterized
by
barrier
dysfunction,
dysregulated
immune
response,
and
dysbiosis
with
increased
Staphylococcus
aureus
colonization.
Infiltration
of
various
T
helper
cell
subsets
into
lesional
subsequent
cytokine
release
are
hallmark
AD.
Release
cytokines
both
cells
keratinocytes
plays
key
role
in
inflammation
drives
many
AD
features.
This
review
aims
to
discuss
cytokine-mediated
crosstalk
between
pathogenesis
the
potential
impact
virulence
factors
produced
on
these
interactions.
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
176, P. 95 - 107
Published: May 21, 2022
Psoriasis
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
non-contagious
disease
normally
characterized
by
multisystemic
inflammation
with
reddish
plaques
and
whitish
scales
greater
incidence
in
the
knees,
feet
hands,
elbow,
scalp,
sacral
areas.
The
global
of
psoriasis
rounds
about
2%
population
it
established
that
pathophysiology
this
skin
quite
complex
still
misunderstood.
Nowadays,
pathology
has
no
cure,
however,
efforts
are
being
made
to
find
more
effective
safe
treatments
as
well
trying
decrease
occurrence
crises
complications.
Nanotechnology
increasingly
becoming
an
innovating
promising
new
approach
for
study
various
dermatological
diseases,
such
psoriasis.
In
case,
interest
use
nanocarriers
arises
order
side
effects
associated
conventional
therapy,
improve
its
effectiveness.
allows
better
solubility
delivery
drugs,
increase
their
tolerance.
Besides
treatments,
manuscript
will
also
be
present
discusse
nanotechnological
strategies
topical
application
intend
effectiveness
treatment,
regulatory
toxicological
context.
Regulatory
issues
nanotoxicological
concerns
long-term
safeness,
both
user
environment
discussed.
Mediators of Inflammation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
2023, P. 1 - 8
Published: April 15, 2023
Atopic
dermatitis
(AD)
is
a
kind
of
chronic
skin
disease
with
inflammatory
infiltration,
characterized
by
barrier
dysfunction,
immune
response
dysregulation,
and
dysbiosis.
Thymic
stromal
lymphopoietin
(TSLP)
acts
as
regulator
response,
positively
associated
AD
deterioration.
Mainly
secreted
keratinocytes,
TSLP
interacts
multiple
cells
(including
dendritic
cells,
T
mast
cells),
following
induction
Th2-oriented
during
the
pathogenesis
AD.
This
article
primarily
focuses
on
biological
function,
relationship
between
different
cell
populations,
treatments
targeting
TSLP.
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Feb. 16, 2023
Atopic
dermatitis
(AD)
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
skin
disease,
accompanied
by
itching
and
swelling.
The
main
pathological
mechanism
of
AD
related
to
the
imbalance
between
Type
2
helper
cells
(Th2
cells)
1
(Th1
cells).
Currently,
no
safe
effective
means
treat
prevent
are
available;
moreover,
some
treatments
have
side
effects.
Probiotics,
such
as
strains
Lactobacillus
,
can
address
these
concerns
via
various
pathways:
i)
facilitating
high
patient
compliance;
ii)
regulating
Th1/Th2
balance,
increasing
IL-10
secretion,
reducing
cytokines;
iii)
accelerating
maturation
immune
system,
maintaining
intestinal
homeostasis,
improving
gut
microbiota;
iv)
symptoms
AD.
This
review
describes
treatment
prevention
using
13
species
.
commonly
observed
in
children.
Therefore,
includes
higher
proportion
studies
on
children
fewer
adolescents
adults.
However,
there
also
that
do
not
improve
even
worsen
allergies
In
addition,
subset
genus
relieve
has
been
identified
vitro
future
should
include
more
vivo
randomized
controlled
clinical
trials.
Given
advantages
disadvantages
mentioned
above,
further
research
this
area
urgently
required.
