Methods to measure blood flow and vascular reactivity in the retina DOI Creative Commons
Elsa Wilma Böhm, Norbert Pfeiffer, Felix Mathias Wagner

et al.

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Disturbances of retinal perfusion are involved in the onset and maintenance several ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, vascular occlusion. Hence, knowledge on anatomy function is highly relevant for basic research studies clinical judgment treatment. The vasculature composed superficial, intermediate, deep layer. Detection changes blood flow diameter especially smaller vessels essential to understand analyze diseases. Several methods evaluate regulation retina have been described so far, but no gold standard has established. For reliable assessment flow, exact determination vessel necessary. measurement already reported humans. But further analysis laboratory animals, genetically modified mice, important. As small size challenging requiring devices with high optic resolution. In this review, we recapitulate different measurement. Moreover, humans experimental animals described.

Language: Английский

Oxidative stress in the eye and its role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases DOI Creative Commons
Elsa Wilma Böhm, Francesco Buonfiglio, Anna Maria Voigt

et al.

Redox Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 68, P. 102967 - 102967

Published: Nov. 18, 2023

Oxidative stress occurs through an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense mechanisms cells. The eye is particularly exposed to oxidative because its permanent exposure light due several structures having high metabolic activities. anterior part highly ultraviolet (UV) radiation possesses a complex system protect retina from UV radiation. posterior exhibits rates consumption leading subsequently production rate ROS. Furthermore, inflammation, aging, genetic factors, environmental pollution, are all elements promoting ROS impairing thereby representing risk factors stress. An abnormal redox status was shown be involved in pathophysiology various ocular diseases segment eye. In this review, we aim summarize provide updated understanding on pathogenesis common affecting surface, lens, retina, optic nerve. Moreover, discuss potential therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing context.

Language: Английский

Citations

91
Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases: A Balancing Act DOI Creative Commons
Daisy Y. Shu, Suman Chaudhary, Kin‐Sang Cho

et al.

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 187 - 187

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Redox homeostasis is a delicate balancing act of maintaining appropriate levels antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxidizing oxygen nitrogen species. Any disruption this balance leads to oxidative stress, which key pathogenic factor in several ocular diseases. In review, we present the current evidence for stress mitochondrial dysfunction conditions affecting both anterior segment (e.g., dry eye disease, keratoconus, cataract) posterior (age-related macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma) human eye. We posit that further development therapeutic interventions promote pro-regenerative responses maintenance redox may delay or prevent progression these major pathologies. Continued efforts field will not only yield better understanding molecular underlying pathogenesis diseases but also enable identification novel druggable targets therapies.

Language: Английский

Citations

57
Role of oxidative stress in the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases DOI Creative Commons

Jiaxin Shang,

Haifeng Liu, Youli Zheng

et al.

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: July 12, 2023

Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease. It characterized by destruction of the supporting structures teeth and could lead to tooth loss systemic inflammation. Bacteria in inflamed gingival tissue virulence factors are capable entering bloodstream induce response, thus influencing pathological process many diseases, such as cardiovascular diabetes, chronic kidney disease, well liver injury. An increasing body evidence show complex interplay between oxidative stress inflammation disease pathogenesis. When periodontitis occurs, increased reactive oxygen species accumulation leads stress. Oxidative contributes major cellular components damage, including DNA, proteins, lipids. In this article, focus will be on periodontal relationship inflammation, impact therapy parameters.

Language: Английский

Citations

44
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Impact on Chronic Ocular Disease Including Age-Related Macular Degeneration DOI Creative Commons
Kevin Allan, Julia H. Joo,

Sonia Kim

et al.

Ophthalmology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

3
Cellular stress signaling and the unfolded protein response in retinal degeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications DOI Creative Commons

Todd McLaughlin,

Andy Medina,

Jacob Perkins

et al.

Molecular Neurodegeneration, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: March 28, 2022

Abstract Background The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited capacity for self-reparation and regeneration in mammals, is under cumulative environmental stress due to high-energy demands rapid protein turnover. These stressors disrupt cellular metabolic homeostasis, which, if not alleviated, can lead dysfunction cell death retinal neurons. One primary response highly conserved unfolded (UPR). UPR acts through three main signaling pathways an attempt restore homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by various means, including but to, reducing translation, increasing protein-folding capacity, promoting misfolded degradation. Moreover, recent work has identified a novel function regulation metabolism mitochondrial function, disturbance which contributes neuronal degeneration dysfunction. role neurons during aging disease conditions age-related macular (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR) been explored over past two decades. Each their corresponding animal models provide distinct challenges unique opportunities gain better understanding maintenance health function. Method We performed extensive literature search on PubMed Google Scholar using following keywords: response, metabolism, ER stress, degeneration, aging, pigmentosa, retinopathy. Results conclusion summarize advances particular UPR, diseases, highlighting potential roles Further, we perspective promise targeting new therapeutic approach age- disease-related degeneration.

Language: Английский

Citations

43
Müller Glial Cells in the Macula: Their Activation and Cell-Cell Interactions in Age-Related Macular Degeneration DOI Creative Commons

Soumya Navneet,

Kyrie Wilson,

Bärbel Rohrer

et al.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 65(2), P. 42 - 42

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Müller glia, the main glial cell of retina, are critical for neuronal and vascular homeostasis in retina. During age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis, activation, remodeling, migrations reported areas retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) degeneration, photoreceptor loss, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions. Despite this evidence indicating activation localized to regions AMD it is unclear whether these responses contribute pathology or occur merely as a bystander effect. In review, we summarize how glia affected retinas share prospect on stress might directly pathogenesis AMD. The goal review highlight need future studies investigating cell's role This may lead better understanding pathology, including conversion from dry wet AMD, which has no effective therapy currently shed light drug intolerance resistance current treatments.

Language: Английский

Citations

15
Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Redox Signaling, and the Complement System DOI Creative Commons
Francesco Buonfiglio, Christina A. Korb, Bernhard Stoffelns

et al.

Aging and Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent degenerative disorder of the central retina, which holds global significance as fourth leading cause blindness. The condition characterized by multifaceted pathophysiology that involves aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and complement activation. complex interplay these factors contributes to initiation progression AMD. Current treatments primarily address choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in neovascular However, approval novel drug therapies for atrophic more gradual variant, known geographic atrophy (GA), has recently occurred. In light substantial impact AMD on affected individuals' quality life strain it places healthcare systems, there pressing need innovative medications. This paper aims provide an updated comprehensive overview advancements our understanding etiopathogenesis Special attention will be given influence aging altered redox status mitochondrial dynamics, cell death pathways, intricate between stress system, specifically context GA. Additionally, this review shed newly approved explore emerging alternative treatment strategies field. objective contribute ongoing dialogue surrounding AMD, offering insights into latest developments may pave way effective management intervention approaches.

Language: Английский

Citations

13
The Role of Glutathione in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) DOI Open Access

Sylwia Brodzka,

Jędrzej Baszyński,

Katarzyna Rektor

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 4158 - 4158

Published: April 9, 2024

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease that usually develops in older people. Pathogenetic changes this include anatomical and functional complexes. Harmful factors damage the retina macula. These may lead to partial or total loss of vision. The can occur two clinical forms: dry (the progression slow gentle) exudative (wet—progression acute severe), which starts form; however, coexistence both forms possible. etiology AMD not fully understood, precise mechanisms development illness are still unknown. Extensive genetic studies have shown multi-factorial determinants, along with external internal environmental metabolic-functional factors, important risk factors. This article reviews role glutathione (GSH) enzymes engaged maintaining reduced form polymorphism S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) mu-1 (GSTM1) AMD. We only chose papers confirmed influence parameters on Because GSH most antioxidant eye, it know background ensure an optimal level concentration. Numerous been conducted how system works till today. paper presents current state knowledge about GSH, GST, GR, GPx GST clearly show increased activity ill people, but for GPx, results relating so clear. Depending research, also suggest higher lower patients analysis polymorphisms genes mutations weaker barriers contribute AMD; unfortunately, meta-analysis some research did confirm connection. Unspecific many make up unknowns. It conduct further understand exact mechanism defense functions against oxidative stress human eye.

Language: Английский

Citations

11
Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lights and Shadows DOI Creative Commons
Uday Pratap Singh Parmar, Pier Luigi Surico,

Takamasa Mori

et al.

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 152 - 152

Published: Jan. 27, 2025

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision impairment worldwide, primarily driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review examines the role antioxidants in mitigating damage, emphasizing both their therapeutic potential limitations AMD management. Key findings underscore efficacy specific antioxidants, including vitamins C E, lutein, zeaxanthin, Coenzyme Q10, slowing progression. Landmark studies such as AREDS AREDS2 have shaped current antioxidant formulations, although challenges persist, patient variability long-term safety concerns. Emerging therapies, mitochondrial-targeted novel compounds like saffron resveratrol, offer promising avenues for treatment. Complementary lifestyle interventions, antioxidant-rich diets physical activity, further support holistic management approaches. highlights critical therapy, advocating personalized strategies to optimize outcomes.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Their Role in Different Stages of Disease DOI Creative Commons
Caterina Toma, Stefano De Cillà,

Aurelio Palumbo

et al.

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. 653 - 653

Published: April 23, 2021

Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in retina and choroid due an imbalance between local oxidants/anti-oxidant systems chronic inflammation could represent trigger event. Different vitro vivo models demonstrated involvement of reactive oxygen species generated a highly environment development drusen retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes initial pathologic processes AMD; moreover, recent evidence has highlighted possible association stress neovascular AMD. Nitric oxide (NO), which is known play key role physiological regulation choroidal blood flow, under conditions lead RPE/photoreceptor generation peroxynitrite, potentially cytotoxic tyrosine-nitrating molecule. Furthermore, altered expression different isoforms NO synthases be involved microvascular neovascularization. The purpose this review was investigate pathways activated by oxidative/nitrosative pathogenesis AMD, focusing on neovascularization protective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents context.

Language: Английский

Citations

49