The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 1693 - 1787

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels endurance strength elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding signal integration, interpretation, output coordination cellular molecular mechanisms that govern plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods their application largely rely on “trial-and-error” approach, experience practices successful coaches often providing bases for “post hoc” scientific enquiry research. This review provides synopsis morphological functional changes along underlying adaptation endurance- resistance-based training. These traits are placed in context innate genetic interindividual differences performance, special consideration given aging athletes. Collectively, we provide comprehensive overview response different modes how such adaptations translate “molecules medals.”

Language: Английский

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Interplay of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: sarcopenic obesity

Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 144, P. 155577 - 155577

Published: April 29, 2023

Language: Английский

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Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 1011 - 1011

Published: March 30, 2024

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose this study was critically review effects melatonin supplementation in sports performance circulating biomarkers related health status highly trained athletes. Data were obtained by performing searches following three bibliography databases: Web Science, PubMed, Scopus. The terms used “Highly Trained Athletes”, “Melatonin”, “Sports Performance”, “Health Biomarkers” using “Humans” as filter. search update carried out February 2024 from original articles published with controlled trial design. PRISMA rules, modified McMaster critical form for quantitative studies, PEDro scale, Cochrane risk bias applied. According inclusion exclusion criteria, 21 selected 294 references. dose supplemented trials ranged between 5 mg 100 administered before or after exercise. outcomes showed improvements antioxidant inflammatory response reversed liver damage muscle damage. Moderate on modulating glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine reported. Promising data found regarding potential benefits hematological biomarkers, hormonal responses, performance. true efficiency directly improve remains be assessed. Nevertheless, indirect effect could evaluated through biomarkers.

Language: Английский

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Physical activity and neuroplasticity in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review of exercise interventions, cognitive training, and AI applications

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 19

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

This review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which (i) physical activity (PA) enhances neuroplasticity and cognitive function in neurodegenerative disorders, (ii) identify specific PA interventions for improving rehabilitation programs. We conducted a literature search PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, covering publications from January 1990 August 2024. The strategy employed key terms related neuroplasticity, exercise, function, personalized activity. Inclusion criteria included original research on relationship between while exclusion eliminated studies focusing solely pharmacological interventions. identified multiple pathways may enhance including releasing neurotrophic factors, modulation neuroinflammation, reduction oxidative stress, enhancement synaptic connectivity neurogenesis. Aerobic exercise was found increase hippocampal volume by 1–2% improve executive scores 5–10% older adults. Resistance training enhanced control memory performance 12–18% elderly individuals. Mind–body exercises, such as yoga tai-chi, improved gray matter density memory-related brain regions 3–5% emotional regulation 15–20%. Dual-task attention processing speed 8–14% individuals with disorders. also discuss potential role AI-based AI preventing rehabilitating illnesses, highlighting innovative approaches patient outcomes. significantly disorders various mechanisms. resistance training, mind–body practices, dual-task exercises each offer unique benefits. Implementing these activities clinical settings can Future should focus creating tailored conditions, incorporating programs optimize rehabilitation.

Language: Английский

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Microgravity‐induced changes in skeletal muscle and possible countermeasures: What we can learn from bed rest and human space studies

Experimental Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 17, 2025

Abstract Despite exercise countermeasures to sustain health and performance in spaceflight, complete maintenance of muscle mass functions microgravity is still not possible for most astronauts. The principal cause the limited effectiveness existing difficulty achieving full loading forces space. implementation which require small devices simulate Earth‐like maintain mass, strength endurance therefore highly desirable. At present, cellular mechanisms that induce atrophy weightlessness are yet fully known; a better understanding how skeletal cells adapt will help designing more effective operational capacity crew during long‐ short‐duration missions. 6° head‐down‐tilt bed rest powerful ground‐based analogue platform study physiological effects spaceflight on human body, test before they potentially applied aims this narrative review provide an overview (i) main underlining learnt from space studies, (ii) currently available countermeasures, (iii) potential suitable – such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation delivered with light portable units attenuate wasting astronauts spaceflight.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Maternal Exercise Modes on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Offspring Stem Cells

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 108(7), P. e360 - e370

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract Context Maternal exercise positively influences pregnancy outcomes and metabolic health in progeny; however, data regarding the effects of different modes prenatal on offspring phenotype is lacking. Objective To elucidate maternal umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) metabolism. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Clinical research facility. Patients Healthy females between 18 35 years age <16 weeks’ gestation. Intervention Women were randomized to either 150 minutes moderate intensity aerobic, resistance (RE), or combination per week a non-exercising control. Main Outcome Measures At delivery, MSCs isolated from cords. MSC glucose fatty acid(s) metabolism was assessed using radiolabeled substrates. Results all exercising women demonstrated greater partitioning oleate (P ≤ 0.05) palmitate toward complete oxidation relative non-exercisers. mothers also had lower rates incomplete acid 0.05), which related infant adiposity at 1 month age. groups exhibited higher insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis with RE having largest effect 0.05). greatest Conclusion Our demonstrates that enhances lipid MSCs. Improvements seem be RE. Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03838146

Language: Английский

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Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(10), P. 1349 - 1349

Published: May 9, 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 that induces generalized inflammatory state. Organokines (adipokines, osteokines, myokines, hepatokines, and cardiokines) can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. This study aimed to systematically review the role of organokines on COVID-19. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane databases were searched, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines followed, 37 studies selected, comprising more than 2700 individuals infected with virus. Among COVID-19 patients, have been associated endothelial dysfunction multiple organ failure due augmented cytokines increased viremia. Changes pattern secretion directly indirectly contribute aggravating infection, promoting immune response alterations, predicting progression. These molecules potential be used as adjuvant biomarkers predict severity illness severe outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Circulating extracellular vesicle characteristics differ between men and women following 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training

Physiological Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(9)

Published: May 1, 2024

Abstract Concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training (CET) has well‐studied benefits; however, inherent hormonal genetic differences alter adaptive responses to between sexes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are factors that contribute signaling. Our purpose was test if EV characteristics differ men women following CET. 18 young healthy participants underwent 12‐weeks of Prior CET, subjects performed an acute bout heavy (AHRET) consisting 6 × 10 back squats at 75% 1RM. At rest AHRET, EVs were isolated from plasma miRNA contents analyzed. AHRET elevated abundance in trained only (+51%) AHRET‐induced changes observed for muscle‐derived microvesicles. There considerable sex‐specific effects CET on miRNAs, highlighted by larger variation the 12‐week program compared rest. Pathway analysis based differentially expressed miRNAs predicted 12 weeks positively regulates hypertrophy growth pathways more so than women. This report highlights sex‐based response concurrent suggests may be important signaling altered training.

Language: Английский

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Dynamic of irisin secretion change after moderate-intensity chronic physical exercise on obese female

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(4), P. 539 - 547

Published: May 20, 2023

Exercise is one of the beneficial mediators for regulation and prevention obesity through role irisin, so it potentially enhances metabolism health. This study aims to investigate dynamic irisin secrecy change after chronic exercise in obese females.Thirty-one female adolescents aged 20-22 years enrolled were given interventions aerobic, resistance, a combination aerobic resistance training. The exercises performed at moderate-intensity, 35-40 min per session, three times week four weeks. measurement level, IGF-1 bio-anthropometry was carried out before weeks exercise. using seca mBCA 514, while insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) completed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). obtained data analyzed one-way ANOVA test with 5 % significance.Our results indicated higher increases group training than other two groups different Further, we also observed dynamics level increase (p<0.05). Besides, correlated bio-anthropometric parameters (p<0.05).The considered as alternative enhancing increase. Thus, can be used prevent regulate obesity.

Language: Английский

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Harmonizing Magnetic Mitohormetic Regenerative Strategies: Developmental Implications of a Calcium–Mitochondrial Axis Invoked by Magnetic Field Exposure

Bioengineering, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 1176 - 1176

Published: Oct. 10, 2023

Mitohormesis is a process whereby mitochondrial stress responses, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), act cumulatively to either instill survival adaptations (low ROS levels) or produce cell damage (high levels). The mitohormetic nature of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure thus makes it susceptible extraneous influences that also impinge on production and contribute the collective response. Consequently, magnetic stimulation paradigms are prone experimental variability depending diverse circumstances. failure, inability, control for these factors has contributed existing discrepancies between published reports in interpretations made from results generated therein. Confounding environmental include ambient fields, temperature, mechanical environment, conventional use aminoglycoside antibiotics. Biological type seeding density as well developmental, inflammatory, senescence statuses cells depend prior handling sample. Technological aspects directionality, uniformity, amplitude, duration exposure. All will exhibit manifestations at level culminate unified cellular response conjunction with Fortunately, many under experimenter. This review focus delineating areas requiring technical biological harmonization assist designing therapeutic strategies more clearly defined better predicted outcomes improve mechanistic interpretation data, rather than precise applications. explore underlying similarities other forms biophysical stimuli, such mutually induce elevations intracellular calcium prerequisite outcome. These stimuli commonly invoke activity transient receptor potential cation channel classes, TRPC1.

Language: Английский

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