Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: May 15, 2025
Glioblastoma,
the
most
common
and
aggressive
primary
brain
tumor,
remains
a
significant
challenge
in
oncology
due
to
its
immunosuppressive
tumor
microenvironment
(TME).
This
review
summarizes
complex
interplay
of
immune
cells
cytokines
within
TME,
which
contribute
evasion
progression.
We
further
emphasize
synergistic
crosstalk
among
these
components
how
it
shapes
therapeutic
vulnerability.
Besides,
we
highlight
recent
advancements
immunotherapy,
including
checkpoint
inhibitors,
CAR-T
cell
therapy,
NK
oncolytic
viruses,
vaccine-based
strategies.
Despite
promising
preclinical
clinical
results,
overcoming
TME
critical
hurdle.
underscores
potential
targeting
enhance
outcomes
glioblastoma.
World Journal of Clinical Oncology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(4), P. 138 - 159
Published: April 20, 2023
Glioblastoma
remains
as
the
most
common
and
aggressive
malignant
brain
tumor,
standing
with
a
poor
prognosis
treatment
prospective.
Despite
standard
care,
such
surgical
resection
chemoradiation,
median
survival
rates
are
low.
In
this
regard,
immunotherapeutic
strategies
aim
to
become
more
attractive
for
glioblastoma,
considering
its
recent
advances
approaches.
review,
we
provide
an
overview
of
current
status
progress
in
immunotherapy
going
through
fundamental
knowledge
on
immune
targeting
promising
strategies,
Chimeric
antigen
receptor
T-Cell
therapy,
checkpoint
inhibitors,
cytokine-based
treatment,
oncolytic
virus
vaccine-based
techniques.
At
last,
it
is
discussed
innovative
methods
overcome
diverse
challenges,
future
perspectives
area.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(6), P. 616 - 624
Published: April 21, 2023
Glioblastoma
(GBM)
is
a
lethal
cancer
with
limited
therapeutic
options.
Dendritic
cell
(DC)-based
vaccines
provide
promising
approach
for
GBM
treatment.
Clinical
studies
suggest
that
other
immunotherapeutic
agents
may
be
combined
DC
to
further
enhance
antitumor
activity.
Here,
we
report
case
combination
immunotherapy
consisting
of
vaccines,
anti-programmed
death-1
(anti-PD-1)
and
poly
I:C
as
well
the
chemotherapeutic
agent
cyclophosphamide
was
integrated
standard
chemoradiation
therapy,
patient
remained
disease-free
69
months.
The
received
loaded
multiple
forms
tumor
antigens,
including
mRNA-tumor
associated
antigens
(TAA),
mRNA-neoantigens,
hypochlorous
acid
(HOCl)-oxidized
lysates.
Furthermore,
mRNA-TAAs
were
modified
novel
TriVac
technology
fuses
TAAs
destabilization
domain
inserts
into
full-length
lysosomal
membrane
protein-1
major
histocompatibility
complex
(MHC)
class
I
II
antigen
presentation.
treatment
consisted
42
vaccine
infusions,
26
anti-PD-1
antibody
nivolumab
administrations
126
injections
infusions.
also
28
doses
depletion
regulatory
T
cells.
No
immunotherapy-related
adverse
events
observed
during
Robust
CD4+
CD8+
T-cell
responses
detected.
remains
free
disease
progression.
This
first
on
above
three
treat
glioblastoma
patients.
Our
results
safe
feasible
long-term
in
this
patient.
A
large-scale
trial
validate
these
findings
warranted.
ACS Applied Nano Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
7(3), P. 2430 - 2460
Published: Jan. 22, 2024
Malignant
glioblastoma,
also
known
as
Glioblastoma
multiforme
(GBM),
is
one
of
the
most
aggressive
subtypes,
characterized
by
wide
vascularization
and
complex
invasion.
The
currently
available
standard
care
for
GBM
includes
maximal
surgical
resection,
radiotherapy,
chemotherapy.
These
therapeutic
procedures
are
facilitating
treatment
means
prolonging
lifetime.
However,
these
processes
cannot
prevent
tumor
recurrence
in
future
thereby
compromise
patient
This
disease
accredited
to
presence
glioma
stem
cells
(GSCs)
that
resistant
toward
chemo
radiation
therapies.
GSCs
mainly
associated
with
vascular
niches
control
GSC
self-renewal
survival.
Therefore,
targeting
using
various
nanoparticle-assisted
therapeutics
may
improve
efficacy
drugs
used
alone
or
combination
result
progress
Nanoparticles
have
been
designed
an
aim
selectively
deliver
cargo
target
therefore
considerable
interest
use
cancer
cell
(CSC)
directed
anticancer
structure
properties
nanomaterials
influencing
propagation
differentiation
extensively
studied
become
a
cutting-edge
research
domain
material
science
regenerative
medicines.
due
microenvironment
heterogeneity
interpatient
variability,
nanoparticles
yielded
few
clinical
outcomes.
Despite
formidable
challenges,
nanotechnology
presents
opportunities
can
significantly
enhance
our
grasp
fate
enable
development
groundbreaking
In
doing
so,
nanoparticle-based
therapy
has
risen
promising
armamentarium
make
substantial
contributions
effective
glioblastoma.
Cancers,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(4), P. 823 - 823
Published: Feb. 18, 2024
Gliomas,
the
most
prevalent
primary
malignant
brain
tumors,
present
a
challenging
prognosis
even
after
undergoing
surgery,
radiation,
and
chemotherapy.
Exosomes,
nano-sized
extracellular
vesicles
secreted
by
various
cells,
play
pivotal
role
in
glioma
progression
contribute
to
resistance
against
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
facilitating
transportation
of
biological
molecules
promoting
intercellular
communication
within
tumor
microenvironment.
Moreover,
exosomes
exhibit
remarkable
ability
traverse
blood–brain
barrier,
positioning
them
as
potent
carriers
for
therapeutic
delivery.
These
attributes
hold
promise
enhancing
diagnosis,
prognosis,
treatment.
Recent
years
have
witnessed
significant
advancements
exosome
research
realm
tumors.
In
this
article,
we
primarily
focus
on
elucidating
development,
highlighting
latest
breakthroughs
diagnostic
approaches,
outlining
prospective
directions
future
research.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
26(3), P. 917 - 917
Published: Jan. 22, 2025
Advances
in
neuro-oncology
have
transformed
the
diagnosis
and
management
of
brain
tumors,
which
are
among
most
challenging
malignancies
due
to
their
high
mortality
rates
complex
neurological
effects.
Despite
advancements
surgery
chemoradiotherapy,
prognosis
for
glioblastoma
multiforme
(GBM)
metastases
remains
poor,
underscoring
need
innovative
diagnostic
strategies.
This
review
highlights
recent
imaging
techniques,
liquid
biopsies,
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
applications
addressing
current
challenges.
Advanced
including
diffusion
tensor
(DTI)
magnetic
resonance
spectroscopy
(MRS),
improve
differentiation
tumor
progression
from
treatment-related
changes.
Additionally,
novel
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
radiotracers,
such
as
18F-fluoropivalate,
18F-fluoroethyltyrosine,
18F-fluluciclovine,
facilitate
metabolic
profiling
high-grade
gliomas.
Liquid
biopsy,
a
minimally
invasive
technique,
enables
real-time
monitoring
biomarkers
circulating
DNA
(ctDNA),
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
cells
(CTCs),
tumor-educated
platelets
(TEPs),
enhancing
precision.
AI-driven
algorithms,
convolutional
neural
networks,
integrate
tools
accuracy,
reduce
interobserver
variability,
accelerate
clinical
decision-making.
These
innovations
advance
personalized
neuro-oncological
care,
offering
new
opportunities
outcomes
patients
with
central
nervous
system
tumors.
We
advocate
future
research
integrating
these
into
workflows,
accessibility
challenges,
standardizing
methodologies
ensure
broad
applicability
neuro-oncology.
BJC Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
2(1)
Published: April 19, 2024
Glioblastoma
(GB)
is
a
lethal
and
aggressive
brain
tumour.
While
molecular
characteristics
of
GB
studied
extensively,
the
aetiology
remains
uncertain.
The
interest
in
exploring
viruses
as
potential
contributor
to
development
stems
from
notion
that
are
known
play
key
role
pathogenesis
other
human
cancers
such
cervical
cancer.
Nevertheless,
controversial.
Pathology - Research and Practice,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
254, P. 155144 - 155144
Published: Jan. 21, 2024
Although
novel
knowledge
has
been
acquired
on
the
molecular
landscape
of
glioblastoma
(GBM),
a
relatively
few
steps
forward
have
made
regarding
its
therapy.
With
increasing
use
immunotherapeutic
drugs
capable
stimulating
antitumor
inflammatory
response,
in
last
decades
numerous
studies
aimed
to
characterize
tumor-associated
microenvironment
(TME)
and
relationship
with
immunogenicity
GBM.
In
this
regard,
although
microglia
macrophages
(TAMs)
PD-L1/PD-1
axis
emerged
as
one
most
relevant
components
GBM
TME
potential
pathways
targetable
immunotherapy,
respectively.
It
supposed
that
TAMs
may
acquire
different
phenotypes,
switching
from
M1
M2
tumor-suppressive
tumor-stimulating
role
depending
surrounding
conditions.
PD-L1
is
type
1
transmembrane
protein
ligand
expressed
by
T-cells,
B-cells
antigen-presenting
cells,
main
inhibitory
checkpoint
tumor
immune
regulation.
While
immunohistochemical
expression
extensively
investigated
many
cancers,
usefulness
evaluation
response
rates
immunotherapy
standardized
immunohistochemistry
are
still
debated.
The
present
review
paper
focuses
current
"state
art"
about
between
TME,
pathway
GBM,
also
providing
neuropathologists
an
updated
guide
clinical
trials
conducted
PD-1
inhibitors.
npj Precision Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Feb. 20, 2024
Abstract
Glioblastoma
is
one
of
the
most
lethal
cancers
with
current
therapeutic
options
lacking
major
successes.
This
underlines
necessity
to
understand
glioblastoma
biology
on
other
levels
and
use
these
learnings
for
development
new
concepts.
Mounting
evidence
in
field
circadian
medicine
points
a
tight
interplay
between
disturbances
system
progression.
The
clock,
an
internal
biological
mechanism
governing
numerous
physiological
processes
across
24-h
cycle,
also
plays
pivotal
role
regulationg
key
cellular
functions,
including
DNA
repair,
cell
cycle
progression,
apoptosis.
These
are
integral
tumour
response
therapy.
Disruptions
rhythms
can
influence
growth,
invasion,
treatment
patients.
In
this
review,
we
explore
robust
association
cancer
hallmarks
within
context
glioblastoma.
We
further
discuss
impact
clock
eight
shown
previously
link
molecular
different
cancers,
summarize
putative
proteins
rhythm
chronotherapy
By
unravelling
mechanisms
behind
intricate
connections
researchers
pave
way
identification
potential
targets,
innovative
strategies
personalized
approaches.
conclusion,
review
underscores
significant
advancement
understanding
future
therapies
glioblastoma,
ultimately
leading
enhanced
outcomes
