ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies

Current Issues in Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 46(8), P. 8852 - 8873

Published: Aug. 14, 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely regarded as signaling molecules and play essential roles in various cellular processes, but when present excess, they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Growing evidence suggests that the OS plays a critical role pathogenesis of HIV infection is associated with several comorbidities HIV-infected individuals. ROS, generated both naturally during mitochondrial metabolism response trigger host antiviral responses also promote viral replication. While multifaceted ROS pathophysiology clearly need more investigation, this review paper unravels mechanisms generation context infections, offering insights into protein-mediated antiretroviral therapy-generated OS. Though protein Tat significantly attributed endogenous increase post infection, sums up contribution other proteins HIV-mediated elicitation ROS. Given investigations recognizing significant onset progression diverse pathologies, explores function mediation an array pathologies retroviral therapy. patients observed disruption antioxidant defense system, therapy gaining focus potential therapeutic intervention well discussed. scenario, further exploratory studies imperative identifying alternative strategies could mitigate toxicities ART-induced

Language: Английский

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The Potential Role of Mitochondria in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Brain Health

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 209, P. 107434 - 107434

Published: Sept. 25, 2024

Mitochondria are crucial organelles that regulate cellular energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress responses, playing pivotal roles in brain development neurodegeneration. Concurrently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key modulator of physiology pathology through microbiota-gut-brain axis. Recent evidence suggests an intricate crosstalk between mitochondrial function, mediated by microbial metabolites can influence activities brain. This review aims to provide comprehensive overview emerging role mitochondria critical mediators axis, shaping health neurological disease pathogenesis. We discuss how such short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile tryptophan metabolites, trimethylamine N-oxide traverse blood-brain barrier modulate processes including production, regulation, mitophagy, neurons glial cells. Additionally, we proposed targeting diet, prebiotics, probiotics, or promising potential therapeutic approach maintain optimizing fitness. Overall, further investigations into its bioenergetics, dynamics, responses will valuable insights axis both states.

Language: Английский

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Emerging role of metabolic reprogramming in hyperoxia-associated neonatal diseases

Redox Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 66, P. 102865 - 102865

Published: Aug. 29, 2023

Oxygen therapy is common during the neonatal period to improve survival, but it can increase risk of oxygen toxicity. Hyperoxia damage multiple organs and systems in newborns, commonly causing lung conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia pulmonary hypertension, well other organs, including brain, gut, eyes. These are collectively referred newborn radical disease indicate multi-system caused by hyperoxia. also lead changes metabolic pathways production abnormal metabolites through a process called reprogramming. Currently, some studies have analyzed mechanism reprogramming induced The focus has been on mitochondrial oxidative stress, dynamics, multi-organ interactions, lung–gut, lung–brain, brain–gut axes. In this article, we provide an overview major pathway reported hyperoxia-associated diseases explore potential mechanisms Metabolic hyperoxia cause disorders glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism. Moreover, may predict occurrence disease, suggesting their therapeutic targets. Although requires further elucidation, mitochondria gut–lung–brain axis play key role

Language: Английский

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Redox Regulation of Nrf2 in Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 1728 - 1728

Published: Sept. 6, 2023

Cisplatin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is marred by severe nephrotoxicity that governed mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. The transcription factor Nrf2, pivotal in cellular defense against stress the master regulator of antioxidant response, upregulating antioxidants cytoprotective genes under stress. This review discusses underlying chemotherapy-induced kidney injury, focusing on role Nrf2 cancer therapy its redox regulation cisplatin-induced injury. We also explore Nrf2's signaling pathways, post-translational modifications, involvement autophagy, as well examine redox-based strategies for modulating injury while considering limitations potential off-target effects modulation. Understanding holds significant promise developing novel therapeutic interventions. knowledge could provide valuable insights into mitigating associated with cisplatin, ultimately enhancing safety efficacy treatment.

Language: Английский

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An overview of mild traumatic brain injuries and emerging therapeutic targets

Neurochemistry International, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 172, P. 105655 - 105655

Published: Dec. 9, 2023

The majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), approximately 90%, are classified as mild (mTBIs). Globally, an estimated 4 million occur each year from concussions or mTBIs, highlighting their significance a public health crisis. TBIs can lead to substantial long-term consequences, including increased risk developing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease (PD), chronic encephalopathy (CTE), and nearly doubling one's suicide. However, the current management mTBIs in clinical practice available treatment options limited. There exists unmet need for effective therapy. This review addresses various aspects based on most up-to-date literature review, with goal stimulating translational research identify new therapeutic targets improve our understanding pathogenic mechanisms. First, we provide summary mTBI symptomatology diagnostic parameters such Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) classifying concussions, well utility alternative parameters, imaging techniques like MRI diffusion tensor (DTI) serum biomarkers S100B, NSE, GFAP, UCH-L1, NFL, t-tau. Our highlights several pre-clinical concussion models employed study underlying cellular mechanisms involved mTBI-related pathogenesis, axonal damage, demyelination, inflammation, oxidative stress. Finally, examine selection currently under investigation models. These may hold promise translation address pressing more treatments mTBIs.

Language: Английский

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