Metabolic Syndrome: Past, Present and Future

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 3501 - 3501

Published: Nov. 14, 2020

Most clinicians and health professionals have heard or read about metabolic syndrome [...]

Language: Английский

---

ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Obesity and Cancer

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 2751 - 2751

Published: Sept. 10, 2020

Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as cancer, and inflammatory, cardiovascular, metabolic diseases. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic eicosapentaenoic are mostly attractive. They available customers worldwide from commonly used and/or components commercial food supplements. The anti-inflammatory hypotriglyceridemic effects these well known, whereas pro-inflammatory properties recognized dietary counterparts, ω-6PUFAs. Both ω-3 ω-6PUFAs contribute to production lipid mediators endocannabinoids that notably involved control intake, energy sensing, food–related disorders. In this review, we present derivatives, endocannabinoids; discuss anti-obesity ω-3PUFAs; roles inflammation colorectal cancer development; how action can be co-preventative co-therapeutic.

Language: Английский

---

Goods and Bads of the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target: Lessons Learned after 30 Years

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 75(5), P. 885 - 958

Published: May 10, 2023

The cannabis derivative marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug in Western world and consumed by an estimated 83 million individuals (∼3% of population). In recent years, there has been a marked transformation society regarding risk perception cannabis, driven its legalization medical use many states United States worldwide. Compelling research evidence Food Drug Administration cannabis-derived cannabidiol approval for severe childhood epilepsy have confirmed large therapeutic potential itself, Δ

Language: Английский

---

Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compounds and Their Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 660 - 660

Published: March 29, 2022

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants from the family Cannabidaceae have been used since ancient times, to produce fibers, oil, and for medicinal purposes. Psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) are main pharmacologically active compounds of sativa. These have, a long time, under extensive investigation, their potent antioxidant inflammatory properties reported, although detailed mechanisms actions not fully clarified. CB1 receptors suggested be responsible analgesic effect THC, while CB2 may account its immunomodulatory properties. Unlike CBD has very low affinity both receptors, behaves as negative allosteric modulator. activity, receptor inverse agonist, could important anti-inflammatory In this review, we discuss chemical bioavailability THC CBD, action, role in oxidative stress inflammation.

Language: Английский

---

The fundamental role of the endocannabinoid system in endometrium and placenta: implications in pathophysiological aspects of uterine and pregnancy disorders

Human Reproduction Update, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(4), P. 586 - 602

Published: Jan. 31, 2020

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, main endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) their metabolic enzymes N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D, fatty acid amide hydrolase, diacylglycerol lipase monoacylglycerol lipase. This is involved in modulation essential physiological processes. Its role reproductive has become significantly important recent years, given its major events such as gametogenesis, decidualisation, implantation placentation.In this paper, we review literature summarize ECS elements reproduction potential early markers for diagnosis disorders or pharmacological targets treatment.Original research papers published from 1964 to June 2019 were selected terms relevance, reliability quality by searching PubMed, MEDLINE Web Science, using following search terms: endometriosis; ectopic pregnancy; miscarriage; pre-eclampsia; endometrial cancer; reproduction; endocannabinoid, endometrium; placenta; N-acylethanolamines; anandamide; 2-arachidonoylglycerol; cannabinoids.This demonstrates relevant information concerning alterations endometriosis, pregnancy, miscarriage, pre-eclampsia cancer. We highlight importance placental physiology pathophysiology, studies vitro vivo clinical observations. most studied endogenous cannabinoids AEA. levels AEA increased plasma patients with endometriosis well fallopian tube women pregnancy biopsies Changes pattern expression receptor also observed decidua pre-eclamptic placenta. Moreover, CB2 have been reported association In general, on signalling through biological activities other namely 2-AG, are scarce avidly required.The pathophysiological mechanisms described pathologies still unclear lack means an diagnosis. Based current evidence, though demonstrated at tissue level, it difficult associate plasmatic changes specific diseases. Thus, pairing 2-AG and/or endocannabinoid-like molecules may provide more accurate diagnoses. addition, benefit new therapies that target signalling.

Language: Английский

---

Obesity Affects the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and the Regulation Thereof by Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(5), P. 1554 - 1554

Published: Feb. 25, 2020

The hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis by integrating environmental and internal signals to produce behavioral responses start or stop eating. Many satiation are mediated microbiota-derived metabolites coming from the gastrointestinal tract acting also in brain through a complex bidirectional communication system, microbiota-gut-brain axis. In recent years, intestinal microbiota has emerged as critical regulator of hypothalamic appetite-related neuronal networks. Obesogenic high-fat diets (HFDs) enhance endocannabinoid levels, both peripheral tissues. HFDs change gut composition altering Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio causing endotoxemia mainly rising levels lipopolysaccharide (LPS), most potent immunogenic component Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxemia induces collapse barriers, interleukin 1β (IL1β)- tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated neuroinflammatory gliosis, which alter appetite-regulatory circuits mediobasal area delimited median eminence. This review summarizes emerging state-of-the-art evidence on function "expanded (eCB) system" endocannabinoidome at crossroads between microbiota, gut-brain host metabolism; highlights role this intersection onset obesity.

Language: Английский

---

Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: March 4, 2020

Currently, an increasing number of diseases related to insulin resistance and obesity is alarming problem worldwide. It well known that the above states can lead development type 2 diabetes, hypertension cardiovascular diseases. An excessive amount fatty acids (FAs) in a diet also evokes adipocyte hyperplasia subsequent accumulation lipids peripheral organs (liver, cardiac muscle). Therefore, new therapeutic methods are constantly sought for prevention, treatment alleviation symptoms mentioned much attention paid Cannabis derivatives – phytocannabinoids, which interact with endocannabinoid system (ECS) constituents. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) cannabidiol (CBD) most abundant compounds plants their application has been suggested. CBD considered as potential agent due its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, neuroprotective anti-obesity properties. this review, we especially highlight pharmacological properties impact on different tissues.

Language: Английский

---

The Association Between Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Nov. 19, 2021

Purpose Sleep duration is thought to play a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome. However, results have been inconsistent. Methods We conducted systematic review and meta-analysis cohort studies searched publications PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, Clinicaltrials.gov. The summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using random model. sensitivity analysis was performed by sequentially excluding each study test robustness pooled estimates. Finding included 13 involving 300,202 patients which short sleep long significantly increased risk syndrome 15% (RR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.09-1.22, p < 0.001) 19% 1.19, 1.05-1.35, 0.001). Moreover, relationship between presented U-shaped curve. Short obesity 14% 1.14, 1.07-1.22, p<0.001) 1.00-1.30, 0.04), high blood pressure 16% 1.16, 1.02-1.31, 0.03) 13% 1.13, 1.04-1.24, 0.01), respectively. can potentially increase sugar 12% 1.12, 1.00-1.15, P 0.05). Implications Based on our findings, behavior that be changed economical. Clinically doctors health professionals should encouraged their efforts promote healthy for all people.

Language: Английский

---

Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Intestinal Homeostasis

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 947 - 963

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

The maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is fundamentally important to health. Intestinal barrier function and immune regulation are key determinants therefore tightly regulated by a variety signaling mechanisms. endocannabinoid system lipid mediator widely expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence suggests critical nexus involved physiological processes that underlie control homeostasis. In this review we will illustrate how permeability, fluid secretion, regulation. We also demonstrate reciprocal between gut microbiome. role complex multifaceted, responding both internal external factors while serving as an effector for SummaryThe distributed throughout plays pivotal integrity, environmental homeostatic system. fundamental importance requires integration digestive defensive functions protect against insults arise from digestion, harmful pathogens toxins, commensal microbiota live gut, simultaneously promoting efficient utilization food. A central determinant function.1Zuo L. Kuo W.T. Turner J.R. Tight junctions targets effectors mucosal homeostasis.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 10: 327-340Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 2Odenwald M.A. epithelial barrier: therapeutic target?.Nat Rev 2017; 14: 9Crossref (434) 3Allaire J.M. Crowley S.M. Law H.T. Chang S.Y. Ko H.J. Vallance B.A. epithelium: coordinator immunity.Trends Immunol. 2018; 39: 677-696Abstract (277) Scholar dynamic arrangement composed physical (tight junctions) cells secretory together preserve integrity epithelium, being sufficiently permeable allow antigen sampling passage nutrients, electrolytes, water. poised trigger effective mechanisms rapidly rid itself unwanted luminal contents through enteric neuroimmune has enormous capacity mount responses microbial potentially food antigens.4Sharkey K.A. Beck P.L. McKay D.M. Neuroimmunophysiology gut: advances emerging concepts focusing on epithelium.Nat 15: 765-784Crossref (23) 5Chu C. Artis D. Chiu I.M. Neuro-immune interactions tissues.Immunity. 52: 464-474Abstract (61) 6Veiga-Fernandes H. Mucida at surfaces.Cell. 2016; 165: 801-811Abstract Dysregulation serious consequences, driving pathologic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, diseases gut-brain interaction such irritable syndrome.2Odenwald Scholar,7Farré R. Vicario M. Abnormal disorders.Handb Exp Pharmacol. 239: 193-217Crossref (27) 8Barbara G. Barbaro M.R. Fuschi Palombo Falangone F. Cremon Marasco Stanghellini V. Inflammatory microbiota-related barrier.Front Nutr. 2021; 8718356Google 9Camilleri Madsen K. Spiller Van Meerveld B.G. Verne G.N. health disease.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012; 24: 503-512Crossref (402) Because preserving (GI) tract, it not surprising there numerous, highly sophisticated systems controlling various aspects These include intrinsic cellular mechanisms, autocrine paracrine factors, mediators, intercellular molecules, well extrinsic nervous mechanisms.2Odenwald 4Sharkey Scholar,10Peterson L.W. cells: regulators homeostasis.Nat 2014; 141-153Crossref (1445) 11Honda Littman D.R. adaptive disease.Nature. 535: 75-84Crossref (847) 12Wells Brummer R.J. Derrien MacDonald T.T. Troost Cani P.D. Theodorou Dekker J. Méheust A. De Vos W.M. Mercenier Nauta Garcia-Rodenas C.L. Homeostasis potential biomarkers.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 312: G171-G193Crossref (242) indicates (ECS) vital brain-gut-microbiota axis, regulator homeostasis.13Cani Plovier Hul Geurts Delzenne N.M. Druart Everard Endocannabinoids: crossroads host metabolism.Nat Endocrinol. 12: 133-143Crossref Scholar,14Sharkey Wiley J.W. brain–gut axis.Gastroenterology. 151: 252-266Abstract ECS affecting multitude pathophysiological body.15Lu H.C. Mackie Review system.Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 6: 607-615Abstract (33) Scholar,16Pertwee R.G. Endocannabinoids their pharmacological actions.Handb 2015; 231: 1-37Crossref (129) highlight integrity. develop idea because responds have addressed effects motility, topic been comprehensively reviewed.14Sharkey Scholar,17Taschler U. Hasenoehrl Storr Schicho Cannabinoid receptors regulating GI tract: experimental relevance.Handb 343-362Crossref (6) Scholar,18Izzo A.A. Sharkey Cannabinoids new developments concepts.Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 126: 21-38Crossref (301) or endocannabinoidome brain body.19Cristino Bisogno T. Di Marzo expanded neurological disorders.Nature Reviews Neurology. 16: 9-29Crossref It perhaps best known playing roles intake energy metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pain transmission, emotional behavioral conditions.14Sharkey Scholar,19Cristino 20Di Silvestri Lifestyle metabolic syndrome: contribution endocannabinoidome.Nutrients. 2019; 11: 1956Crossref (58) 21Iannotti F.A. microbiome, endocannabinoids disorders.J 248: R83-R97Crossref (25) 22Maldonado Cabañero Martín-García E. modulating fear, anxiety, stress.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 22: 229-239Crossref 23Micale Drago Endocannabinoid system, stress HPA axis.Eur 834: 230-239Crossref (66) 24Gallego-Landin I. García-Baos Castro-Zavala Valverde O. Reviewing pathophysiology depression.Front 12762738Crossref (5) 25van den Hoogen N.J. Harding E.K. Davidson C.E.D. Trang chronic pain: microglia modulation.Front Neural Circuits. 2022; 15816747Crossref was discovered after isolation Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) major psychoactive constituent cannabis.26Mechoulam Hanuš L.O. Pertwee Howlett A.C. Early phytocannabinoid chemistry beyond.Nat 757-764Crossref (200) This finding led development ligands were used identify cannabis. There now 3 classes cannabinoids recognized: phytocannabinoids derived cannabis plant, THC cannabidiol (CBD); synthetic cannabinoids, chemical agonists HU210, CP55,940, WIN55,212-2 antagonists rimonabant, AM250, AM630; endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), discuss further review.27Pertwee Abood M.E. Alexander S.P.H. Elphick Greasley P.J. Hansen H.S. Kunos Mechoulam Ross R.A. International union basic clinical pharmacology: LXXIX—cannabinoid ligands: beyond CB1 CB2.Pharmacol Rev. 62: 588-631Crossref Interested readers directed excellent reviews cannabinoids.15Lu Scholar,27Pertwee 28Pacher P. Kogan Beyond endocannabinoids.Annu Pharmacol Toxicol. 60: 637-659Crossref 29Di Piscitelli its modulation phytocannabinoids.Neurotherapeutics. 692-698Crossref (159) 30Ligresti Petrocellis From cannabinoid endocannabinoids: pleiotropic pathological pharmacology.Physiol 96: 1593-1659Crossref (213) original description, consists two G protein-coupled (GPCRs), (CB) receptor 1 (CB1) 2 (CB2), endogenous biosynthetic degradative enzymes availability these ligands.15Lu Scholar,31Piomelli molecular logic signalling.Nat 2003; 4: 873-884Crossref (1567) Since many other considered part ECS,19Cristino outline below. membrane-derived molecules. primary N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine 2-AG. Unlike classical neurotransmitters stored vesicles, synthesized "on demand" response stimulus.32Lutz B. Neurobiology signaling.Dialogues 207-222Crossref Primary stimuli synthesis elevation intracellular calcium activation number GPCRs.32Lutz degradation pathways main shown Figure 1. Anandamide begins with conversion phosphatidylethanolamine into (NAPE) calcium-dependent enzyme N-acyltransferase. then produced hydrolysis NAPE N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Three additional AEA described.33Liu Wang Harvey-White Osei-Hyiaman Razdan Gong Q. Chan Zhou Z. Huang B.X. Kim H.-Y. pathway anandamide.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S 2006; 103: 13345-13350Crossref (350) 34Hussain Uyama Tsuboi Ueda N. Mammalian responsible biosynthesis N-acylethanolamines.Biochim Biophys Acta - Cell Biol Lipids. 1862: 1546-1561Crossref 35Simon G.M. Cravatt B.F. proceeding glycerophospho-N-acyl α/β-hydrolase 4 pathway.J Chem. 281: 26465-26472Abstract (285) (1) Phospholipase C (PLC) converts phosphoanandamide, which dephosphorylated form AEA. (2) produces glycerophosphoanandamide NAPE, converted glycerophosphodiesterase-1, (3) soluble A2 acts 2-lyso-NAPE, lyso-PLD. fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). FAAH hydrolyzes arachidonic ethanolamine.36Fowler C.J. Jonsson K.O. Tiger Fatty hydrolase: biochemistry, pharmacology, possibilities hydrolyzing anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoylethanolamide, oleamide.Biochem 2001; 517-526Crossref (114) Scholar,37Van Egmond Straub V.M. Der Stelt Targeting signaling: MAG lipase inhibitors.Annu 61: 441-463Crossref (11) 2-AG dependent PLC activity diacylglycerol (DAGL). acid-containing membrane lipids produce diacylglycerol, DAGL.38Fowler Doherty turnover.Adv 80: 31-66Crossref addition, may be made 2-arachidonoyl-phosphoinositol 2-arachidonoyl-lyso-phosphoinositol A1, subsequently lyso-phosphoinositol-PLC.38Fowler Scholar,39Labar Wouters Lambert monoacylglycerol lipase: interface fat signalling.Curr Med 17: 2588-2607Crossref primarily metabolized (MAGL) glycerol acid.39Labar Scholar,40Fowler Monoacylglycerol target drug development?.Br 166: 1568-1585Crossref However, studies mice revealed via domain-containing protein (ABHD)-6 ABHD-12.41Cao J.K. Kaplan Stella ABHD6: place beyond.Trends Sci. 40: 267-277Abstract (21) 42Navia-Paldanius Savinainen Laitinen J.T. Biochemical characterization human domain containing 6 (ABHD6) 12 (ABHD12).J Lipid Res. 53: 2413-2424Abstract (123) 43Ogasawara Ichu T.A. Jing Hulce J.J. Reed Ulanovskaya O.A. Discovery optimization selective vivo active inhibitors lysophosphatidylserine 1643-1656Crossref (16) sources identified expression genes relevant synthesizing neurons glia projections dorsal root ganglion.44Hockley J.R.F. Taylor T.S. Callejo Wilbrey A.L. Gutteridge Bach Winchester W.J. Bulmer D.C. McMurray Smith E.S.J. Single-cell RNAseq reveals seven colonic sensory neuron.Gut. 68: 633-644Crossref (98) 45Zeisel Hochgerner Lönnerberg Johnsson Memic van der Zwan Häring Braun Borm L.E. La Manno Codeluppi S. Furlan Lee Skene Harris K.D. Hjerling-Leffler Arenas Ernfors Marklund Linnarsson Molecular architecture mouse system.Cell. 174: 999-1014.e22Abstract (875) 46Drokhlyansky Smillie C.S. Wittenberghe Ericsson Griffin G.K. Eraslan Dionne Cuoco M.S. Goder-Reiser M.N. Sharova Kuksenko Aguirre A.J. Boland Graham Rozenblatt-Rosen Xavier Regev single-cell resolution.Cell. 182: 1606-1622.e23Abstract (91) Recent single cell RNA suggested interesting, albeit minor, Paneth goblet cells.47Haber Biton Rogel Herbst R.H. Shekhar Burgin Delorey T.M. Howitt Katz Y. Tirosh Beyaz Zhang Raychowdhury Garrett W.S. Shi H.N. Yilmaz survey small epithelium.Nature. 551: 333-339Crossref (611) although gaining understanding ECS-related genes, functional entirely clear, do complete change during conditions. CB GPCRs coupled Gi/o proteins leading inhibition adenylyl cyclase decreased production cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).48Howlett CB2 pharmacology.Adv 169-206Crossref (124) release βγ dimers causes N- P/Q-type Ca2+ channels inwardly rectifying A-type potassium channels.32Lutz Scholar,48Howlett initiate Src-mediated cascades mitogen-activated kinases focal adhesion kinases. Activation generally inhibitory, "molecular brake", limit excitation across synapse, reduce cells, cells. Interaction ligand-bound β-arrestin required internalization termination extracellular signaling, but β-arrestins themselves signal transducers pathways, signal-regulated kinase c-Jun terminal kinase, mediate some actions cannabinoids.32Lutz receptor-interacting 1a, interacts GPCR β-arrestin.49Oliver E.E. Hughes Puckett M.K. Chen Lowther interacting 1a (CRIP1a) disease.Biomolecules. 1-22Crossref (8) Some biased toward over cAMP cell-specific actions, can exploited therapeutically.50Al-Zoubi Morales Reggio P.H. Structural insights signaling.Int 20: 1837Crossref (36) Scholar,51Ibsen Connor Glass bias.Cannabis 2: 48-60Crossref illustrated 2. exist multiple forms heterodimers homodimers, very essentially every organ tissue body, subject dysregulation conditions.15Lu Scholar,52Trautmann neural circuitry tract.Int Neurobiol. 125: 85-126Crossref Of particular relevance, (ENS) autonomic (CNS) one most abundant brain.53Duncan Davison J.S. article: system.Aliment 2005; 667-683Crossref presynaptically all neurons, except nitric oxide synthase-expressing inhibitory motor neurons.52Trautmann Scholar,53Duncan found terminals afferent nerves innervating glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide producing (K cells) cholecystokinin (I enteroendocrine upper intestine.54Glass L.L. Calero-Nieto F.J. Jawaid W. Larraufie Kay Göttgens Reimann Gribble F.M. RNA-sequencing distinct population proglucagon-expressing specific intestine.Mol Metab. 1296-1303Crossref (49) Scholar,55Argueta D.A. Perez P.A. Makriyannis Patrizio N.V. inhibit satiation diet-induced obesity.Front 704Crossref leads decrease neurotransmitter synapse depression excitatory neurotransmission ENS. predominantly B neutrophils, mast macrophages; however, limited regions CNS, ENS, nerves.56Atwood B.K. CB2: identity crisis.Br 160: 467-479Crossref (422) 57Duncan Mouihate Keenan C.M. Buckley N.E. Patel Pittman Q.J. modulate contractility lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.Am 2008; 295: G78-G87Crossref 58Wright Rooney Feeney Tate Robertson Welham Ward Differential colon: promote wound healing.Gastroenterology. 129: 437-453Abstract (206) 59Galiègue Mary Marchand Dussossoy Carrière Carayon Bouaboula Shire Le Fur Casellas Expression peripheral tissues leukocyte subpopulations.Eur Biochem. 1995; 232: 54-61Crossref (1314) 60Beltramo Bernardini Bertorelli Campanella Nicolussi Fredduzzi Reggiani receptor-mediated antihyperalgesia: possible direct involvement mechanisms.Eur 23: 1530-1538Crossref (238) 61Cabral G.A. Staab Effects system.Handb 168: 385-423Crossref Like CB1, inhibits mediators neurotransmitters. To activate receptors, lipids, require carrier overcome hydrophilic environment space synapse. acid-binding proteins, albumin, heat shock 70 described proteins.62Oddi Fezza Pasquariello D'Agostino Catanzaro Simone Rapino Finazzi-Agrò Maccarrone identification albumin Hsp70 cytosolic anandamide-binding proteins.Chem Biol. 2009; 624-632Abstract

Language: Английский

---

Endocannabinoid System: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 148 - 148

Published: Jan. 19, 2023

The endocannabinoid system (eCB) has been studied to identify the molecular structures present in Cannabis sativa. eCB consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands, and associated enzymatic apparatus responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis cognitive processes. Several physiological effects cannabinoids are exerted through interactions with various such as CB1 CB2 vanilloid recently discovered G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR55, GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR19). Anandamide (AEA) 2-arachidoylglycerol (2-AG), two small lipids derived from arachidonic acid, showed high-affinity binding both receptors. plays a critical role chronic pain mood disorders extensively because its wide therapeutic potential it is promising target development new drugs. Phytocannabinoids synthetic have shown varied affinities relevant treatment several neurological diseases. This review provides description components discusses how phytocannabinoids other exogenous compounds may regulate balance. Furthermore, we show hypo- or hyperfunctionality body related disorders, even integrative complementary health practices (ICHP) harmonizing eCB.

Language: Английский

---