Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: July 6, 2022

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. resistance (IR) disordered biological response for stimulation through disruption molecular pathways target Acquired conditions genetic factors have been implicated IR. Recent biochemical studies suggest that dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids toxic lipid metabolites promote IR other associated with several groups abnormal syndromes include obesity, diabetes, dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), abnormalities. Although no medication specifically approved treat IR, we summarized lifestyle changes pharmacological medications used as efficient intervention improve sensitivity. Ultimately, systematic discussion complex mechanism will help identify potential new targets closely

Language: Английский

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Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 494 - 494

Published: Jan. 13, 2020

The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity is increasing worldwide, particularly amongst aging populations. Insulin resistance the core mechanism and also associated with variable cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fat accumulation in muscle tissue promotes a proinflammatory cascade oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, atrophy. To compound problem, decreased mass aggravates resistance. In addition, crosstalk between myokines adipokines leads negative feedback, which turn this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms linking various biological pathways. We discuss impact

Language: Английский

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Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2278 - 2278

Published: Sept. 23, 2019

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder and characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries. Obesity, low-grade inflammatory status, insulin-resistance (IR) often coexist in PCOS. The Mediterranean diet (MD) an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, which rich complex carbohydrates fiber, high monounsaturated fat. There a close association among obesity, inflammation, IR, hormonal derangements main aim of present study was to evaluate adherence MD, intake, body composition their with PCOS clinical severity cohort treatment-naïve women when compared control group healthy matched for age mass index (BMI). In this case-controlled, cross-sectional study, we enrolled 112 patients controls. PREvención con DIetaMEDiterránea (PREDIMED) seven-day food records were used degree MD respectively. Body evaluated bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) phase-sensitive system. Testosterone levels Ferriman-Gallwey score assessed C-reactive protein (CRP) determined nephelometric assay CardioPhase sensitivity. showed higher testosterone levels, score, fasting insulin glucose Homeostatic Model Assessment (HoMA)-IR (p < 0.001). addition, found that consumed less extra-virgin olive oil, legumes, fish/seafood, nuts group. Despite no differences energy intake between two groups, lower quantity carbohydrate, fatty acids (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated acid (PUFA), simple total fat, saturated (SFA), PUFA n-6 than have adverse controls, lowest values phase angle (PhA) fat-free Additionally, after adjusting BMI significant negative correlations PREDIMED 0.001) consumption = 0.005), carbohydrate 0.001), fiber MUFA positive associations CRP SFA, 0.001, respectively), 0.002). cut-off ≤ 6 area under curve (AUC) 0.848, standard error 0.036, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.768 0.909) could serve as threshold significantly increased risk value levels. conclusion, novel direct disease reported This support therapeutic role foods nutrients pattern pathogenesis likely involving hyperandrogenemia. different PhA These data suggested useful marker provided strong evidence regarding strategic relevance nutritional assessment management

Language: Английский

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Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 2236 - 2236

Published: July 27, 2020

The search for a quality diet has grown over the past decade. Diet is considered one of pillars prevention and progression several diseases, among them: diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) an epidemic western countries that increases vulnerability other such as cardiovascular cancer. T2D associated with lifestyle diet. traditional Mediterranean proven its benefits risk factors, specifically on This review compiles recent published evidence effects incidence type relation healthy diets. We will also focus how could play role in T2D-related mechanisms, anti-inflammatory or antioxidant compounds, glucagon-like peptide agonist changes gut microbiota. Each component be involved processes related to homeostasis, many them sharing common physio-pathological pathways. importance this within set habits must emphasized.

Language: Английский

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Cardio-Metabolic Effects of High-Fat Diets and Their Underlying Mechanisms—A Narrative Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1505 - 1505

Published: May 21, 2020

The majority of the epidemiological evidence over past few decades has linked high intake fats, especially saturated to increased risk diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, findings some recent studies (e.g., PURE study) have contested this association. High fat diets (HFD) been widely used in rodent research study mechanism insulin resistance metabolic syndrome. Two separate but somewhat overlapping models—the diacylglycerol (DAG) model ceramide model—have emerged explain development resistance. Studies shown that lipid deposition tissues such as muscle liver inhibit signaling via toxic molecules DAG ceramide. DAGs activate protein kinase C insulin-PI3K-Akt by phosphorylating serine residues on receptor substrate (IRS). Ceramides are sphingolipids with variable acyl group chain length phosphatase 2A dephosphorylates Akt block signaling. In adipose tissue, obesity leads infiltration macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IRS proteins. For disease, humans 1950s 1960s atherosclerosis coronary artery More recently, trials involving Mediterranean diet PREDIMED indicated healthy monounsaturated fats more effective preventing mortality disease than low-fat, low-cholesterol diets. Antioxidant anti-inflammatory effects potential mediators these benefits.

Language: Английский

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Virgin Olive Oil and Health: Summary of the III International Conference on Virgin Olive Oil and Health Consensus Report, JAEN (Spain) 2018

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 2039 - 2039

Published: Sept. 1, 2019

The Mediterranean diet is considered as the foremost dietary regimen and its adoption associated with prevention of degenerative diseases an extended longevity. preeminent features have been agreed upon consumption olive oil stands out most peculiar one. Indeed, use nearly exclusive fat what mostly characterizes area. Plenty epidemiological studies correlated that was better overall health. extra virgin contains (poly)phenolic compounds are being actively investigated for their purported biological pharma-nutritional properties. On 18 19 May 2018, several experts convened in Jaen (Spain) to discuss recent research on benefits components. We reported a summary meeting (reviewing topics related oil, not limited health) concluded substantial evidence accruing support widespread opinion should, indeed, be choice when it comes human health sustainable agronomy.

Language: Английский

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Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

Journal of International Medical Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 51(3)

Published: March 1, 2023

Insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represent two universal public health hazards, especially in today’s Western societies. A causal-effect relationship has been established that links IR with CVD. The mediating mechanisms are perplexing, under ongoing, rigorous investigation remain to be fully elucidated. is a condition encompassing hyperglycemia compensatory hyperinsulinemia. It occurs when insulin not capable of exerting its maximum effects on target tissues, including skeletal muscles, liver adipose tissue. This alteration signaling pathways results the development cardiometabolic disorders, obesity, dyslipidemia, low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction hypertension, all which predisposing factors for atherosclerosis management can achieved through dietary modifications, inclusion regular exercise routines everyday life, pharmacological agents other interventions tailored each individual patient’s needs. important underline though that, although various antidiabetic drugs may improve available, no medications as yet specifically approved treatment IR. narrative review will focus current scientific clinical evidence pertaining IR, connecting CVD, well plausible strategies holistic, personalized approach management.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Diet, Lifestyle, Chrononutrition and Alternative Dietary Interventions on Postprandial Glycemia and Insulin Resistance

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 823 - 823

Published: Feb. 16, 2022

As years progress, we are found more often in a postprandial than postabsorptive state. Chrononutrition is an integral part of metabolism, pancreatic function, and hormone secretion. Eating most calories carbohydrates at lunch time early afternoon, avoiding late evening dinner, keeping consistent number daily meals relative times eating occasions seem to play pivotal role for glycemia insulin sensitivity. Sequence nutrients also significant role, as foods low density such vegetables, salads, or soups consumed first, followed by protein then starchy lead ameliorated glycemic responses. There several dietary schemes available, intermittent fasting regimes, which may improve Weight loss important the treatment resistance, it can be achieved many approaches, low-fat, low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean-style diets, etc. Lifestyle interventions with small weight (7-10%), 150 min weekly moderate intensity exercise behavioral therapy approach highly effective preventing treating type 2 diabetes. Similarly, decreasing improves significantly responses, but extent this reduction should individualized, patient-centered, monitored. Alternative ingredients, vinegar, yogurt, whey protein, peanuts tree nuts considered ameliorating hyperglycemia resistance. This review aims describe available evidence about effects diet, chrononutrition, alternative on

Language: Английский

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Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Diet for a Reduction in the Severity of the Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 3277 - 3277

Published: Sept. 19, 2021

Chronic kidney disease affects ~37 million adults in the US, and it is often undiagnosed due to a lack of apparent symptoms early stages. (CKD) interferes with body's physiological biological mechanisms, such as fluid electrolyte pH balance, blood pressure regulation, excretion toxins waste, vitamin D metabolism, hormonal regulation. Many CKD patients are at risk hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, chronic metabolic acidosis, bone deterioration, abnormalities, edema. These risks may be minimized, disease's progression slowed through careful monitoring protein, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, relieving experienced by patients. In this review, current Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) recommendations highlighted, reflecting 2020 update, including explanations for pathophysiology behind recommendations. The Dietary Approaches Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean diet, whole foods plant-based diet currently being examined their potential role delaying progression. Biological why benefit compared diets that include animal products examined. Strong evidence continues support importance meeting daily requirement prevention disease, medical nutrition therapy registered dietitian critical aspect intervention CKD.

Language: Английский

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Cabbage and fermented vegetables: From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID‐19

Allergy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 76(3), P. 735 - 750

Published: Aug. 7, 2020

Abstract Large differences in COVID‐19 death rates exist between countries and regions of the same country. Some very low rate such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or Balkans have a common feature eating large quantities fermented foods. Although biases when examining ecological studies, vegetables cabbage been associated with European countries. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to its receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As result binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT R) axis oxidative stress. This leads insulin resistance well lung endothelial damage, two severe outcomes COVID‐19. The nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like (Nrf2) is most potent antioxidant humans can block particular AT R axis. Cabbage contains precursors sulforaphane, active natural activator Nrf2. Fermented contain many lactobacilli, which are also Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi Korea, westernized foods, slum paradox. It proposed that proof‐of‐concept dietary manipulations may enhance Nrf2‐associated effects, helpful mitigating severity.

Language: Английский

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