Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma

Molecular Aspects of Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 85, P. 100995 - 100995

Published: Aug. 5, 2021

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It most common in children, affecting at least 30 children and young adults Europe. complex, partially heritable with marked heterogeneity. Its development influenced both by genetic environmental factors. The common, as well characterized subtype asthma allergic eosinophilic asthma, type 2 airway inflammation. prevalence has substantially increased industrialized countries during last 60 years. mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however exposure to various pollutants probably plays role. Disease inception thought be enabled disadvantageous shift balance between protective harmful lifestyle factors, including commensal microbes versus infection pathogens, collectively leading epithelial cell damage disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines one main drivers immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately infiltration lung tissue T helper (TH2) cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages eosinophils. This review outlines responsible for orchestration inflammation summarizes novel findings, but not limited dysregulated integrity, alarmin release stimulation.

Language: Английский

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An ESPGHAN position paper on the diagnosis, management and prevention of cow's milk allergy

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 78(2), P. 386 - 413

Published: July 26, 2023

A previous guideline on cow's milk allergy (CMA) developed by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) was published in 2012. This position paper provides an update diagnosis, treatment, prevention CMA with focus gastrointestinal manifestations. All systematic reviews meta‐analyses regarding prevalence, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis after ESPGHAN document were considered. Medline searched from inception until May 2022 for topics that not covered document. After reaching consensus manuscript, statements formulated voted each them a score between 0 9. ≥6 arbitrarily considered as agreement. Available evidence role dietary practice prevention, management updated recommendations formulated. exclusively breastfed infants exists, but is uncommon suffers over‐diagnosis. also over‐diagnosed formula mixed fed infants. Changes stool characteristics, feeding aversion, or occasional spots blood are common general should be diagnostic CMA, irrespective preceding consumption milk. Over‐diagnosis occurs much more frequently than under‐diagnosis; both have potentially harmful consequences. Therefore, necessity challenge test short elimination diet 2–4 weeks recommended cornerstone diagnosis. contains sections nutrition, growth, cost, quality life.

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 1219 - 1219

Published: May 24, 2022

Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to known nutritional components human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats proteins, it is also a rich source microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview immunomodulatory constituents HBM, highlighting its content circulating microRNAs. The effects HBM discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. contains more than 1400 majority these microRNAs originate from lactating gland based on remodeling cells during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect patterns several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications RNA regulation, could ultimately result alterations gene expressions. Therefore, unique microRNA profile exosomal implicated regulation genes responsible for variety immunological physiological functions, such as

Language: Английский

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Emerging Roles of Airway Epithelial Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1050 - 1050

Published: March 19, 2022

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with incompletely understood aetiology and limited treatment options. Traditionally, IPF was believed to be mainly caused by repetitive injuries the alveolar epithelium. Several recent lines of evidence, however, suggest that equally involves an aberrant airway epithelial response, which contributes significantly development progression. In this review, based on clinical, high-resolution imaging, genetic, single-cell RNA sequencing data, we summarize alterations in structure, function, cell type composition IPF. We furthermore give comprehensive overview genetic mechanistic evidence pointing towards essential role cells pathogenesis describe potentially implicated signalling pathways regulation mechanisms context. The collected argues for investigation possible therapeutic avenues targeting these processes, thus represent important future directions research.

Language: Английский

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Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores

Frontiers in Allergy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: May 10, 2022

Although iron is one of the most abundant elements on earth, about a third world's population are affected by deficiency. Main drivers deficiency beside chronic lack dietary iron, hampered uptake machinery as result immune activation. Macrophages principal cells distributing in human body with their restriction skewing these to more pro-inflammatory state. Consequently, has pronounced impact cells, favoring Th2-cell survival, immunoglobulin class switching and primes mast for degranulation. Iron during pregnancy increases risk atopic diseases children, while both children adults allergy likely have anemia. In contrast, an improved status seems protect against development. Here, important interconnections between metabolism allergies, effect deprivation distinct cell types, well pathophysiology summarized. main focus will be humans, we also compare them innate defense sequestration strategies microbes, given, particularly, attention catechol-siderophores. Similarly, nutritional plants inducible systemic acquired resistance salicylic acid, which further leads synthesis flavonoids pathogenesis-related proteins, elaborated very understanding etiology allergic diseases. Many allergens, such lipocalins able bind either deprive or supply cells. Thus, locally induced activation sensitization. However, same proteins whey protein beta-lactoglobulin can transport this precious micronutrient host (holoBLG) hinder activation, promoting tolerance protecting allergy. Since 2019, several clinical trials been conducted subjects using holoBLG food special medical purposes, leading reduction symptom burden. Supplementation nutrient-carrying lipocalin circumvent mucosal block nourish selectively therefore representing new causative approach compensate functional sufferers.

Language: Английский

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Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 737 - 737

Published: March 4, 2024

According to WHO, “complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula no longer sufficient meet nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore, other foods liquids are needed, along with human a breastmilk substitute”. CF one most important “critical sensitive periods” in life: indeed, timing approaches solid introduction an infant’s nutrition utmost importance as potential epigenetic factors from infancy adulthood. also deeply influenced by each country single-family traditions, culture, beliefs. The aim our narrative review analyze traditional practices, including innovative alternative ones that emerged last decades, such baby-led weaning plant-based weaning, evaluate their effects on risk developing non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we will discuss pitfalls misunderstandings pediatricians frequently have face dealing complementary feeding. Health care professionals must not prejudices against parents’ wishes traditions about CF; rather, they should support educate them case any choice, always pursuing adequate growth, neuro- taste development, achievement correct eating behavior primary goal.

Language: Английский

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Recent Developments in the Role of Histone Acetylation in Asthma

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 185(7), P. 641 - 651

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Epigenetic modifications are known to mediate both beneficial and unfavorable effects of environmental exposures on the development clinical course asthma. On molecular level, epigenetic mechanisms participate in multiple aspects emerging ongoing asthma pathology.

Language: Английский

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Human milk and bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a dose-dependent effect: a cohort study

BMJ Paediatrics Open, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. e002727 - e002727

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Background Human milk (HM) is considered a potential protective factor against bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but the specific volume needed for its effect in mixed feeding unclear. This study aimed to investigate impact of different HM volumes on BPD risk. Methods A retrospective cohort examined association between and risk very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Dose-dependent analysis with spline smoothing curve univariate, multivariate analyses sensitivity were conducted. Result The included 339 VLBW incidence was 4.7% (6 infants) high group (HM volume≥1190 mL), 27.0% (48 volume<1190 mL) 9.1% (3 exclusive formula group, difference statistically significant. Both univariate logistic regression showed significantly higher (OR 3.237, 95% CI 0.81 12.89) compared group. that remained (model I OR 3.26, 0.92 11.53; model II 3.28, 13.1). Conclusion Higher (≥1190 associated decreased feeding. Although not significant, exhibited increased These findings emphasise importance considering quantity practices.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma—More Than Just a Co-Existence

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(9), P. 4984 - 4984

Published: May 7, 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute this process. Here we summarize functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder airways characterized reversible airflow obstruction and, from long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate different subtypes variable cargoes functioning pathways underlying show some interesting potential development future therapeutic interventions. Association turn demonstrate good diagnostic asthma.

Language: Английский

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Influence of the Bioactive Diet Components on the Gene Expression Regulation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 3673 - 3673

Published: Oct. 20, 2021

Diet bioactive components, in the concept of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, consist food constituents, which can transfer information from external environment influence gene expression cell thus function whole organism. It is crucial to regard not only as source energy basic nutriments, for living organism development, but also factor influencing health/disease, biochemical mechanisms, activation pathways. Bioactive components diet regulate through changes chromatin structure (including DNA methylation histone modification), non-coding RNA, transcription factors by signalling cascades, or direct ligand binding nuclear receptors. Analysis interactions between human genome activity a modern approach that will help better understand these relations allow designing dietary guidances, maintain good health.

Language: Английский

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