Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 209, P. 112816 - 112816

Published: Jan. 29, 2022

Language: Английский

---

The relationship between COVID‐19 viral load and disease severity: A systematic review

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(3)

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

Abstract Introduction Patients with COVID‐19 may present different viral loads levels. However, the relationship between load and disease severity in is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review association SARS‐CoV‐2 severity. Methods The relevant studies using keywords of “COVID‐19” “viral load” were searched databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web Science. A two‐step title/abstract screening process was carried out eligible included study. Results Thirty‐four from initial 1015 records. vast majority have utilized real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction nasopharyngeal/respiratory swabs report load. Viral commonly reported either as cycle threshold ( C t ) or log 10 RNA copies/ml. Conclusion results inconclusive about load, a similar number approved opposed hypothesis. denote direct older age higher which known risk factor for mortality. patients serve mechanism any possible relationships There positive correlation its transmissibility. Nonetheless, further are recommended precisely characterize matter.

Language: Английский

---

Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 145, P. 112420 - 112420

Published: Nov. 12, 2021

Deciphering the molecular downstream consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)- 2 infection is important for a greater understanding disease and treatment planning. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms diagnostic therapeutic strategies can help in development vaccines drugs against COVID-19. At present, SARS-CoV-2 host cells are not sufficiently comprehended. Some proposed considering existing similarities between other members β-CoVs, others explained based on studies advanced structure function SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we endeavored to map possible response following surveyed current research conducted by vitro, vivo human observations, as well suggestions. We addressed specific signaling events that cause cytokine storm demonstrated three forms cell death virus infection, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis. Given elicited pathways, introduced pathway-based targets; ADAM17 was especially highlighted one most elements several pathways involved immunopathogenesis also provided drug candidates these targets. Moreover, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway found cross-talk through pathway-pathway analysis infection.

Language: Английский

---

The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the incidence of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis

American Journal of Otolaryngology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 42(6), P. 103080 - 103080

Published: May 14, 2021

Language: Английский

---

Hamster models of COVID-19 pneumonia reviewed: How human can they be?

Veterinary Pathology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 59(4), P. 528 - 545

Published: Dec. 2, 2021

The dramatic global consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic soon fueled quests for a suitable model that would facilitate development and testing therapies vaccines. In contrast to other rodents, hamsters are naturally susceptible infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus) rapidly developed into popular model. It recapitulates many characteristic features as seen in patients moderate, self-limiting course such specific patterns tract inflammation, vascular endothelialitis, age dependence. Among 4 species examined, Roborovski dwarf Phodopus roborovskii) more closely mimics highly frequent lethal outcome, including devastating diffuse alveolar damage coagulopathy. Thus, different available mimic courses wide spectrum COVID-19 manifestations humans. On hand, fewer diagnostic tools information on immune functions molecular pathways than mice, which limits mechanistic studies inference humans several aspects. Still, under conditions high pressure progress both basic clinically oriented research, has turned leading non-transgenic at an unprecedented pace, currently used innumerable all aim combat impact virus its new variants concern. As models, strength rests upon solid understanding similarities differences from human disease, we review here.

Language: Английский

---

Coinfections with Bacteria, Fungi, and Respiratory Viruses in Patients with SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 809 - 809

Published: June 25, 2021

Background: Coinfection with bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses in SARS-CoV-2 is of particular importance due to the possibility increased morbidity mortality. In this meta-analysis, we calculated prevalence such coinfections. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from 1 December 2019 31 March 2021. Effect sizes pooled 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To minimize heterogeneity, performed sub-group analyses. Results: Of 6189 papers that identified, 72 articles included systematic review (40 case series 32 cohort studies) 68 (38 30 meta-analysis. 31,953 patients overall proportion who had a laboratory-confirmed bacterial infection was 15.9% (95% CI 13.6–18.2, n = 1940, 49 studies, I2 99%, p < 0.00001), while 3.7% 2.6–4.8, 177, 16 93%, 0.00001) fungal infections 6.6% 5.5–7.6, 737, 44 96%, other viruses. ICU higher co-infections compared non-ICU as follows: (22.2%, 16.1–28.4, 88% versus 14.8%, 12.4–17.3, 99%), (9.6%, 6.8–12.4, 74% 2.7%, 0.0–3.8, 95%); however, there an identical viral co-infection between all [(ICU non-ICU) only] (6.6%, 0.0–11.3, 58% 6.6%, 5.5–7.7, 96%). Funnel plots for possible publication bias effect coinfections asymmetrical on visual inspection, Egger’s tests confirmed asymmetry (p values 0.05). Conclusion: Bacterial relatively high hospitalized SARS-CoV-2, little evidence S. aureus playing major role. Knowledge type may have diagnostic management implications.

Language: Английский

---

Plant-Based Phytochemical Screening by Targeting Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 to Design Effective Potent Inhibitors

Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 589 - 589

Published: June 26, 2021

Currently, a worldwide pandemic has been declared in response to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), fatal and fast-spreading viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The low availability efficient vaccines treatment options resulted high mortality rate, bringing world economy its knees. Thus, mechanistic investigations drugs capable counteracting this are demand. main protease (Mpro) expressed SARS-CoV-2 targeted for development potential drug candidates due crucial role played Mpro replication transcription. We generated phytochemical library containing 1672 phytochemicals derived from 56 plants, which have reported as having antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activity. A molecular docking program was used screen top three candidate compounds: epicatechin-3-O-gallate, psi-taraxasterol, catechin gallate, had respective binding affinities −8.4, −8.5, −8.8 kcal/mol. Several active sites protein, including Cys145, His41, Met49, Glu66, Met165, were found interact with compounds. multiple simulation profile, root-mean-square deviation, fluctuation, radius gyration, solvent-accessible surface area values supported inflexible nature docked protein–compound complexes. toxicity carcinogenicity profiles assessed, showed that gallate favorable pharmacological properties no adverse effects. These findings suggest these compounds could be developed part an effective pathway treat COVID-19.

Language: Английский

---

Understanding the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutational impacts, concerns, and the possible solutions

Annals of Medicine and Surgery, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 78

Published: May 7, 2022

Despite many nations' best efforts to contain the so-called COVID-19 pandemic, emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a serious concern. After more than two years pandemic and year worldwide vaccination efforts, globe will not be free variants such Delta variants. According current statistics, variant 30 mutations when contrasted other VOCs Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), (B.1.617.2). High numbers changes, particularly in spike protein (S-Protein), raise worries about virus's capacity resist pre-existing immunity acquired by or spontaneous infection antibody-based therapy. The raised international concerns, resuming travel bans coming up with questions its severity, transmissibility, testing, detection, vaccines efficiency against it. Additionally, inadequate health care infrastructures immunocompromised individuals increase susceptibility. status low rates play significant role omicron spreading create fertile ground for producing new As result, this article emphasizes mutational changes their consequences. In addition, potential preventing measures have examined detail.

Language: Английский

---

Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 101 - 101

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The emergence of novel variants SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential recognize mechanisms which interacts with human response. It is not only comprehend infection mechanism but also for generation effective reliable vaccines against COVID-19. effectiveness vaccine supported by adaptive response, mainly consists B T cells, play a critical role in deciding prognosis COVID-19 disease. cells are reducing viral load containing infection. A plethora proteins can be recognized provide broad range protection, especially amid SARS-CoV-2. However, hyperactivation effector reduced number lymphocytes have been found key characteristics severe Notably, excessive cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) producing unwarranted amounts cytokines chemokines. Nevertheless, still unknown how T-cell-mediated responses function determining Additionally, functional perturbations lead form disease protection many other infections. Hence, an updated review has developed understand involvement mechanism, turn determines Importantly, we focused on cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions these modulated therapeutic strategies discussed that elevate cell-mediated either directly or indirectly.

Language: Английский

---

Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 16, 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins currently cited as animal origin virus. Several types vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed being used in vaccination drives A number experiencing second third waves which claimed nearly four million lives out 180 people infected globally June 2021. emerging variants mutants posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, some cases, ability infect vaccinated (vaccine breakthrough). Here this mini-review, we specifically looked at efforts actions Egyptian government slow down control spread COVID-19. We also review statistics Egypt possible reasons behind low prevalence case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing with China (the epicenter pandemic) USA, Brazil, India, Italy, France first numbers patients COVID-19). Additionally, summarized variants, Egypt, use medicinal plants preventive curative options.

Language: Английский

---