Extracellular Vesicles Are Conveyors of the NS1 Toxin during Dengue Virus and Zika Virus Infection

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 364 - 364

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), produced during viral infections, are of emerging interest in understanding infectious processes and host–pathogen interactions. EVs exosomes particular have the natural ability to transport nucleic acids, proteins, other components cellular or origin. Thus, they participate intercellular communication, immune responses, pathophysiological processes. Some viruses known hijack cell production content for their benefit. Here, we investigate whether two pathogenic flaviviruses i.e., Zika Virus (ZIKV) Dengue virus (DENV2) could an impact on features EVs. The analysis by infected cells allowed us identify that non-structural protein 1 (NS1), described as a toxin, is associated with exosomes. This observation be confirmed under conditions overexpression recombinant NS1 from each flavivirus. Using different isolation methods (i.e., exosome kit, size exclusion chromatography, Polyethylene Glycol enrichment, ELISA capture), showed was present dimer at surface excreted exosomes, this association occur extracellular compartment. finding major importance physiological context. Indeed, capacity address its implication pathophysiology diseases should explored. Furthermore, demonstrated vectorize serve useful tools vaccine development.

Language: Английский

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Viruses and the Brain—A Relationship Prone to Trouble

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 203 - 203

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

Neurological disorders, some of which are associated with viral infections, growing due to the aging and expanding population. Despite strong defenses central nervous system, viruses have evolved ways breach them, often result in dire consequences. In this review, we recount various by different can enter CNS, describe consequences such invasions. Consequences may manifest as acute disease, encephalitis, meningitis, or long-term effects, neuromuscular dysfunction, occurs poliomyelitis. We discuss evidence for involvement causation well-known chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's Parkinson's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple well vascular dementia elderly. also approaches currently available control a few neural infections. These include antivirals that effective against human immunodeficiency virus herpes simplex virus, vaccines valuable controlling rabies poliomyelitis flavivirus There is an urgent need better understand, at molecular level, how contribute and, especially, neurological diseases develop more precise therapies.

Language: Английский

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Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we?

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Sept. 25, 2023

Innate immunity is the first line of host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are innate lymphocytes responsible for fighting virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms suppress viral On other hand, viruses evolved utilize different ways evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance response by regulating cytokine release pattern changing proportion activating inhibitory receptors on surface Exosomes a subtype extracellular vesicles that involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations these nano-sized vesicles, it was shown produce identical outcomes originating from which they released. In recent years, role cell-derived exosomes diseases including infections has been highlighted, drawing attention utilizing therapeutic potential nanoparticles. this article, used important initially examined. Subsequently, controlling discussed. Finally, current position treatment their reviewed. Video Abstract.

Language: Английский

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From defense to offense: Modulating toll-like receptors to combat arbovirus infections

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Arboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8; limiting or allowing them replicate spread within host. Modulating has emerged as promising approach combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances TLR modulation therapeutic target Studies have shown that activation of can enhance infections, leading increased clearance protection disease. Conversely, inhibition reduce excessive inflammation tissue damage associated infection. represents potential strategy

Language: Английский

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Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 202 - 202

Published: Jan. 28, 2024

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute meningitis in humans. Despite availability of vaccines, JEV remains major public health threat with potential spread globally. According World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 69,000 cases JE each year, this figure probably underestimate. The majority victims children endemic areas, almost half surviving patients have motor or cognitive sequelae. Thus, absence clinically approved drug treatment defines urgent medical need. Recently, several promising candidates were reported through repurposing studies, high-throughput library screening, de novo design. This review focuses on historical aspects JEV, biology replication, targets therapeutic strategies, target product profile, development initiatives.

Language: Английский

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A Review on The Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease of Flaviviridea Viruses Infection

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 365 - 365

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Members of the Flaviviridae family, encompassing Flavivirus and Hepacivirus genera, are implicated in a spectrum severe human pathologies. These diseases span diverse spectrum, including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, adverse fetal outcomes, such as congenital heart defects increased mortality rates. Notably, infections by viruses have been associated with substantial cardiovascular compromise, yet exploration into attendant sequelae underlying mechanisms remains relatively underexplored. This review aims to explore epidemiology virus synthesize their morbidities. Leveraging current research trajectories our investigative contributions, we aspire construct cogent theoretical framework elucidating pathogenesis Flaviviridae-induced injury illuminate prospective therapeutic avenues.

Language: Английский

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Zika Virus: A Review of Biology, Clinical Impacts, and Coinfections

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(5), P. 637 - 637

Published: April 28, 2025

The Zika virus (ZIKV) gained prominence as a significant global pathogen after the 2015–2016 outbreaks associated it with an increase in neurological complications adults and congenital malformations. Different mechanisms have been proposed by which ZIKV may cross blood–brain barrier reach central nervous system to cause neuroinflammation. Although infection triggers robust immune response, has developed different strategies escape it. Furthermore, although is present areas cocirculation of other pathogenic agents, few studies evaluated cross-immune reactions coinfection ZIKV. Coinfections viruses, parasites, bacteria are described. Such interactions can worsen infections alter imposing new therapeutic challenges highlighting need for more field. In this review, we discuss various aspects biology, focusing on impacts coinfections.

Language: Английский

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Dengue virus-host interactions: Structural and mechanistic insights for future therapeutic strategies

Journal of Structural Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 108196 - 108196

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Yellow fever virus infection alters mitochondrial network dynamics and trigger IFN-I response via TLR2 pathway

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 157, P. 114699 - 114699

Published: April 28, 2025

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicles in Flaviviridae Pathogenesis: Their Roles in Viral Transmission, Immune Evasion, and Inflammation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 2144 - 2144

Published: Feb. 10, 2024

The members of the Flaviviridae family are becoming an emerging threat for public health, causing increasing number infections each year and requiring effective treatment. consequences these can be severe include liver inflammation with subsequent carcinogenesis, endothelial damage hemorrhage, neuroinflammation, and, in some cases, death. mechanisms pathogenesis being actively investigated, but there still many gaps their understanding. Extracellular vesicles may play important roles mechanisms, therefore, this topic deserves detailed research. Recent data have revealed involvement extracellular steps such as transmission, immune evasion, inflammation, which is critical disease establishment. This review covers recent papers on includes examples clinical applications accumulated data.

Language: Английский

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