Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines

Annals of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 54(1), P. 524 - 540

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

The emergence of novel and evolving variants SARS-CoV-2 has fostered the need for change in form newer more adaptive diagnostic methods detection infections. On other hand, developing rapid sensitive technologies is now challenging due to emerging varying symptoms exhibited among infected individuals. In addition this, vaccines remain major mainstay prevention protection against infection. Novel drugs are constantly being developed unleash an immune response robust targeting its associated variants. this review, we provide updated perspective on current challenges posed by mutants/variants evolution techniques enable their detection. addition, also discuss development, formulation, working mechanisms, advantages, drawbacks some most used vaccines/therapeutic subsequent immunological impact.Key messageThe past couple months, highlights one primary diagnostics, treatment, as well vaccine development virus.Advancements include nucleic acid based, antigen immuno- assay-based antibody-based methodologies efficient, robust, quick testing; while advancements COVID-19 preventive therapeutic strategies antiviral immunomodulatory targeted vaccines.The varied platforms responses induced each them ability battle post-vaccination infections have all been discussed review.

Language: Английский

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Discovery, Development, and Patent Trends on Molnupiravir: A Prospective Oral Treatment for COVID-19

Molecules, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(19), P. 5795 - 5795

Published: Sept. 24, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic needs no introduction at present. Only a few treatments are available for this disease, including remdesivir and favipiravir. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical industry is striving to develop new COVID-19. Molnupiravir, an orally active RdRp inhibitor, in phase 3 clinical trial against objective of review article enlighten researchers working on about discovery, recent developments, patents related molnupiravir. Molnupiravir was originally developed treatment influenza Emory University, USA. However, drug has also demonstrated activity variety viruses, SARS-CoV-2. Now it being jointly by Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Merck treat published data indicate good safety profile, tolerability, oral bioavailability molnupiravir humans. patient-compliant dosage form may hit market first or second quarter 2022. patent revealed its granted compound process-related applications. We anticipate filing forms, inhalers, combination with marketed drugs like remdesivir, favipiravir, baricitinib. current demands patient compliant, safe, tolerable, effective treatment. authors believe that meets these requirements breakthrough

Language: Английский

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Humoral immune mechanisms involved in protective and pathological immunity during COVID-19

Human Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 82(10), P. 733 - 745

Published: July 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Induced by Pesticide Exposure: Integrated Analysis of Gene Expression, microRNA Expression, and DNA Methylation Datasets

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(16), P. 8697 - 8697

Published: Aug. 17, 2021

Environmental or occupational exposure to pesticides is considered one of the main risk factors for development various diseases. Behind pesticide-associated pathologies, there are both genetic and epigenetic alterations, where these latter mainly represented by alteration in expression levels microRNAs change methylation status DNA. At present, no studies have comprehensively evaluated alterations induced pesticides; therefore, aim present study was identify modifications gene miRNA DNA useful prediction pesticide exposure. For this purpose, an integrated analysis expression, microRNA datasets obtained from GEO DataSets database performed putative genes, microRNAs, hotspots associated with responsible different In addition, DIANA-miRPath, STRING, GO Panther tools were used establish functional role biomarkers identified. The results demonstrated that can modulate genes induce miRNAs modulation status.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in patients with mental illness: strategies to overcome barriers—a review

Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 97(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2022

People with mental health problems are at particular risk both for infection COVID-19 and more severe course of illness. Understanding vaccine hesitancy is crucial in promoting acceptance among people diagnoses. This review aims to identify the prevalence discuss factors associated mentally ill population.We conducted a detailed literature search included 15 articles discussion this review. Several studies showed varying trends rates different countries. Major involved general include mistrust, misinformation, believing conspiracy theories, negative attitudes towards vaccines. It was surprising that none were focused on population. However, do show worse healthcare outcomes psychiatric patients, correlated lower likelihood receiving treatment vaccinations. Psychiatrists need address issues patients who particularly vulnerable fear vaccines which anxiety, panic attacks, certain phobias including trypanophobia agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, types traumas. communicate effectively, respect, empathy, deliver accurate honest information about Motivational interviewing, getting illness organize campaigns, involving families may promote group.Existing limited. The increase especially having emotional disorders such as anxiety phobia. More addressing population be done future.

Language: Английский

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Advanced Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Methods to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 1193 - 1193

Published: June 10, 2022

COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection 6.26 deaths to date. After 2 years, numerous advances have been made. First all, preventive vaccine, which has implemented record time, is effective more than 95% cases. Additionally, diagnostic field, there are molecular antigenic kits that equipped with high sensitivity specificity. Real Time-PCR-based assays for detection viral RNA currently considered gold-standard method SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis can be used efficiently on pooled nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal samples widespread screening. Moreover, additional, advanced methods such as droplet-digital PCR (ddPCR), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) next-generation sequencing (NGS), under development detect RNA. However, number subjects infected continuously increases globally, health care systems being placed increased stress. Thus, clinical laboratory plays an important role, helping select especially asymptomatic individuals who actively carrying live replicating virus, fast non-invasive technologies. Recent strategies, other methods, adopted either antigens, i.e., antigen-based immunoassays, human anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, antibody-based nasal swabs, well blood saliva samples. role mucosal sIgAs, essential control viruses entering body through surfaces, remains elucidated, particular immune response counteracting infection, primarily at site(s) virus entry appears promising.

Language: Английский

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Recent Chronology of COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: May 4, 2022

COVID-19 is highly contagious and caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It spreads means of droplets close contact with infected persons. With the progression disease, numerous complications develop, particularly among persons chronic illnesses. Pathological investigations indicate that it affects multiple organs can induce distress syndrome. Prevention vital self-isolation best containing this virus. Good community health practices like maintaining sufficient distance from other people, wearing protective face masks regular hand washing should be adopted. Convalescent plasma transfusion administration antiviral Remdesivir have been found to effective. Vaccines offer lifesaving protecting against which has killed millions our bet for staying safe. Screening, suppression/containment as well mitigation are strategies implemented controlling pandemic. Vaccination essential end pandemic everyone an access them. The current brought global economy a standstill exacted enormous human financial toll.

Language: Английский

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Awareness of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection Among Adults With Recent COVID-19 Seropositivity

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 5(8), P. e2227241 - e2227241

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

Importance Some individuals who were infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant may have been completely unaware of their infectious status while virus was actively transmissible. Objective To examine awareness among during recent surge in a diverse and populous urban region Los Angeles County. Design, Setting, Participants This cohort study analyzed records adult employees patients an academic medical center enrolled longitudinal COVID-19 serological County, California. These participants had 2 or more serial anti-nucleocapsid IgG (IgG-N) antibody measurements at least 1 month apart, with first occurring after end regional Delta (September 15, 2021) subsequent one start (December 2021). Adults evidence new infection period through May 4, 2022, included present sample. Exposures Recent as evidenced seroconversion. Main Outcomes Measures Awareness ascertained from review self-reported health updates, records, testing data. Results Of 210 (median [range] age, 51 (23-84) years; 136 women [65%]) infection, 44% (92) demonstrated any 56% (118) reported being status. Among those unaware, 10% (12 118) having symptoms, which they attributed to common cold other non–SARS-CoV-2 infection. In multivariable analyses that accounted for demographic clinical characteristics, care likely than nonemployees be aware (adjusted odds ratio, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.30-4.65). Conclusions Relevance this suggest half adults higher nonemployees, yet still low overall. Unawareness highly prevalent factor associated rapid person-to-person transmission within communities.

Language: Английский

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Omicron – The new SARS‐CoV‐2 challenge?

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32(4)

Published: April 21, 2022

Abstract SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has infected nearly 300 M people worldwide and been associated with over 6 deaths by March 2022. Since the emergence in December 2019 Wuhan, several new mutations have described. The World Health Organization developed a working name for these emerging variants according to their impact on population. In this context high alert paid of concern (VOC) due infectiousness transmissibility patterns. most recent VOC, Omicron (B.1.1.529), become dominant shortest time ever placed Europe under an overwhelming unprecedented number cases. This variant numerous regions that are higher transmissibility, stronger viral binding, affinity antibody escape. Moreover, deletions present spike protein suggest specific attachment inhibitors may not be best option therapy. is circulating and, at end February 2022, it was responsible all sequences reported GISAID. made up sublineages, where common BA.1 BA.2 (or Nextstrain clade 21K 21L, respectively). At global level, possible say proportion increasing relative some countries replacing rates. order better assess effectiveness escape, spread infectious ability highest relevance maintain tight surveillance. Even though lower death rate, important highlight becoming concerning further unpredictable emerge as rises.

Language: Английский

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SAM: Self-augmentation mechanism for COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray images

Knowledge-Based Systems, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 241, P. 108207 - 108207

Published: Jan. 17, 2022

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading viral disease and has affected over 100 countries worldwide. The numbers of casualties cases infection have escalated particularly in with weakened healthcare systems. Recently, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the test choice for diagnosing COVID-19. However, current evidence suggests that infected patients are mostly stimulated from lung after coming contact this virus. Therefore, chest X-ray (i.e., radiography) CT can be surrogate some where PCR not readily available. This forced scientific community to detect images recently proposed machine learning methods offer great promise fast accurate detection. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) been successfully applied radiological imaging improving accuracy diagnosis. performance remains limited due lack representative available public benchmark datasets. To alleviate issue, we propose self-augmentation mechanism data augmentation feature space rather than using reconstruction independent component analysis (RICA). Specifically, unified architecture which contains deep network (CNN), mechanism, bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). CNN provides high-level features extracted at pooling layer chooses most relevant generates low-dimensional augmented features. Finally, BiLSTM used classify processed sequential information. We conducted experiments on three publicly databases show approach achieves state-of-the-art results 97%, 84% 98%. Explainability carried out visualization through PCA projection t-SNE plots.

Language: Английский

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