Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID‐19

Allergy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 78(2), P. 369 - 388

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

Abstract There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during pandemic thanks to extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID‐19, from immunological protective risk factors for severity mortality COVID‐19. The efficacy COVID‐19 vaccines potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. occurrence new variants concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, BA.5 global have changed scenario Multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS‐C) may cause severe heterogeneous but with a lower rate. Perturbations immunity T cells, B mast well autoantibodies metabolic reprogramming contribute long‐term symptoms is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, asthma rhinitis, associated susceptibility better outcomes At beginning pandemic, European Academy Allergy Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information management diseases preventive measures reduce transmission clinics. distribution emerging acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) reduced pathogenic dramatically decreased morbidity, severity, Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains challenge control. Hypersensitivity (HSR) low compared other vaccines, these were addressed EAACI statements indications reactions, including anaphylaxis vaccines. We gained depth knowledge experience over years since start yet full eradication SARS‐CoV‐2 not horizon. Novel strategies warranted prevent high‐risk groups, development MIS‐C long

Language: Английский

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Understanding Mutations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 856 - 856

Published: March 27, 2023

Genetic variant(s) of concern (VoC) SARS-CoV-2 have been emerging worldwide due to mutations in the gene encoding spike glycoprotein. We performed comprehensive analyses protein significant variant clade SARS-CoV-2, using data available on Nextstrain server. selected various mutations, namely, A222V, N439K, N501Y, L452R, Y453F, E484K, K417N, T478K, L981F, L212I, N856K, T547K, G496S, and Y369C for this study. These were chosen based their global entropic score, emergence, spread, transmission, location receptor binding domain (RBD). The relative abundance these was mapped with mutation D614G as a reference. Our suggest rapid emergence newer alongside D614G, reported during recent waves COVID-19 parts world. could be instrumentally imperative infectivity, virulence, host immune system’s evasion SARS-CoV-2. probable impact vaccine effectiveness, antigenic diversity, antibody interactions, stability, RBD flexibility, accessibility human cell ACE2 studied silico. Overall, present study can help researchers design next generation vaccines biotherapeutics combat infection.

Language: Английский

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Emergence and spread of JN.1 COVID-19 variant

Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 48(1)

Published: March 5, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to significantly impact global health, economics, and public well-being.Millions suffer from long-term consequences or "long COVID," highlighting the enduring effects of infection (Looi 2023).While existing health measures case monitoring remain vital 2023), virus' constant evolution poses ongoing challenges.The recently identified JN.1 variant, classified as a "Variant Interest" by WHO due its rapid spread (Gavi.2023), represents growing concern.As December 16th, 2023, has been detected in 41 countries, comprising 27.1% sequences submitted GISAID (World Health Organization (WHO) 2023).First US September this variant already become dominant some nations, including UK, Iceland, Portugal 2023).This spread, especially developed nations with robust healthcare systems, raises significant concerns for developing countries less resilient infrastructure.Novel strategies responses are crucial effectively countering JN.1's threat.JN.1 appears be more transmissible than other variants (Table 1), parent, BA.2.86 2023; Adebowale Adesola 2022).Its circulation made it

Language: Английский

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The burden of COVID-19 in primary care of Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2021–2022

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 12, 2025

Primary healthcare played a crucial role during the COVID-19 pandemic by preventing, timely diagnosing, and referring severe cases to hospitals, as well monitoring counseling patients via telemedicine. We used cross-sectional approach analyze severity outcomes of 174,540 treated in primary care Almaty between 2021 2022, age, sex, disease severity, comorbidities. Outpatients with were mainly aged 30–39 (20.3%) mild course (88.9%). Among adults, females predominated (≥ 60–25.5% vs. 19.2%, < 0.001), among children (0–17), boys − 21.2% 12.1% (p 0.001). A higher risk for moderate adverse was assessed older particularly those 60 compared younger groups (OR = 9.01, 95% CI: 7.72–10.51). Pregnant women had low 0.5, 0.38–0.65). Patients concomitant at likelihood 0.001, OR 2.51, 1.9–3.15 obesity, p 1.43, 1.27–1.6 diabetes mellitus, 1.16, 1.07–1.26 arterial hypertension, 2.5, 2.13–3.02 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The study emphasizes an often-overlooked impact on care, which is essential improving outpatient care.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 in Pakistan: A national analysis of five pandemic waves

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 18(12), P. e0281326 - e0281326

Published: Dec. 29, 2023

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic showed distinct waves where cases ebbed and flowed. While each country had slight, nuanced differences, lessons from wave with country-specific details provides important for prevention, understanding medical outcomes the role of vaccines. This paper compares key characteristics five different in Pakistan. Methods Data was sourced daily national situation reports (Sitreps) prepared by National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC) Islamabad. We use specific criteria to define waves. start is marked day lowest number preceding a sustained increase, while end following 7-days decline, which should be lower than 7 days it. Key variables such as tests, cases, deaths their rates change peak then trough are used draw descriptive comparisons. Additionally, linear regression model estimates new Results Pakistan saw waves, displayed typical topology complete infectious disease epidemic. time wave-start became progressively shorter, wave-peak trough, longer. Each appears also getting except 4, lasted longer 3. A one percent increase vaccinations decreased 0.38% (95% CI: -0.67, -0.08) 5 association statistically significant. Conclusion that must interpreted context level response variant driving indicators suggest preventive measures kept pace disease. Waves 1 2 were mainly about prevention learning how clinically manage patients. Vaccination started late during 3 its impact on hospitalizations visible 5. highly virulent strains Alpha/B.1.1.7 Delta/B.1.617.2 variants milder but more Omicron/B.1.1.529 apparent.

Language: Английский

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Durable cross-protective neutralizing antibody responses elicited by lipid nanoparticle-formulated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines

npj Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Feb. 23, 2024

Abstract The advent of SARS-CoV-2 variants with defined mutations that augment pathogenicity and/or increase immune evasiveness continues to stimulate global efforts improve vaccine formulation and efficacy. extraordinary advantages lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), including versatile design, scalability, reproducibility, make them ideal candidates for developing next-generation mRNA vaccines against circulating variants. Here, we assess the efficacy LNP-encapsulated booster encoding spike protein concern (Delta, Omicron) using a predecessor (YN2016C isolated from bats) strain elicit durable cross-protective neutralizing antibody responses. mRNA-LNP have desirable physicochemical characteristics, such as small size (~78 nm), low polydispersity index (<0.13), high encapsulation efficiency (>90%). We employ in vivo bioluminescence imaging illustrate capacity our LNPs induce robust expression secondary lymphoid organs. In BALB/c mouse model, three-dose subcutaneous immunization mRNA-LNPs achieved remarkably levels cross-neutralization Omicron B1.1.529 BA.2 extended periods time (28 weeks) good safety profiles all constructs when used regime, YN2016C bat virus sequences. These findings important implications design aim trigger immunity current newly emerging

Language: Английский

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Exigency of Plant-Based Vaccine against COVID-19 Emergence as Pandemic Preparedness

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 1347 - 1347

Published: Aug. 9, 2023

After two years since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO), more than six million deaths have occurred due to SARS-CoV-2, leading an unprecedented disruption global economy. Fortunately, within year, wide range vaccines, including pathogen-based inactivated and live-attenuated replicating non-replicating vector-based nucleic acid (DNA mRNA)-based protein-based subunit virus-like particle (VLP)-based been developed mitigate severe impacts pandemic. These vaccines proven highly effective in reducing severity illness preventing deaths. However, availability supply become issue prioritization vaccine distribution most countries. Additionally, virus continues mutate spread, questions arisen regarding effectiveness against new strains SARS-CoV-2 that can evade host immunity. The urgent need for booster doses enhance immunity has recognized. scarcity “safe effective” exacerbated inequalities terms coverage. development fallen short expectations set forth 2020 2021. Furthermore, equitable at national levels remains challenge, particularly developing In such circumstances, exigency plant virus-based apparent means overcome shortages through fast manufacturing processes enable quick convenient millions people without reliance on cold chain system. Moreover, demonstrated both safety efficacy eliciting robust cellular immunogenicity pathogens. This review aims shed light advantages disadvantages different types provide update current status plant-based fight

Language: Английский

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Involucrasins Prevents Sars-Cov-2 Infection by Targeting Delta Variant, Omicron Variant, and Ace2 Receptor Via Inhibit Caspase-1 Signaling Pathway

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Through investigated the consequences of involucrasins for possible prevention COVID-19 by molecular docking using Autodock Vina and dynamics (MD) simulations Gromacs2020 software. Docking results showed that ligands bound tightly to Delta variant, Omicron angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, while dynamic revealed ability bind ACE2. In addition, were able inhibit binding between RBD (Delta variant or Omicrion variant) SARS-CoV-2 S protein ACE2 through bilayer interferometry (BLI) assay, demonstrating its potential as viral blockers. Further immunocytochemistry (ICC) pseudo typed lentiviral particle assay indicated entry variants into host cells was impeded due inhibition spike (S) involucrasins. ROS can contribute activation caspase-1 signaling pathway their involvement in inflammasome activation. Involucrasins have an inhibitory effect on generation response LPS/ATP stimulation. Meantime, reduce level caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-33.

Language: Английский

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Seaweeds: Nature's super therapeutics? Immunomodulatory and anti-viral properties of sulfated rhamnoxyloglucuronan isolated from Ulva fasciata Delile

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 139978 - 139978

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Decoding SARS-CoV-2 variants: Mutations, viral stability, and breakthroughs in vaccines and therapies

Biophysical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 320-321, P. 107413 - 107413

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Language: Английский

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