Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 372 - 384

Published: April 28, 2021

Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability material and social resources, is one strongest predictors lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only outcome but also pace brain development. We argue higher protracted structural development prolonged trajectory functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. hypothesize greater exposure chronic stress accelerates maturation, whereas access novel positive decelerates maturation. discuss impact variation on plasticity learning. provide generative theoretical framework catalyse future basic science translational research environmental influences Evidence suggests can its rate. Tooley, Bassett Mackey this suggest valence frequency early interact influence

Language: Английский

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Early life adversity shapes neural circuit function during sensitive postnatal developmental periods

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Abstract Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological mechanisms by which ELA increases future psychopathology are still poorly understood. Brain development particularly malleable during prenatal and early postnatal life, when complex neural circuits being formed refined through an interplay of excitatory inhibitory input, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination, neurogenesis. Adversity that influences these processes sensitive periods can thus have long-lasting pervasive effects on circuit maturation. In this review, we will discuss clinical preclinical evidence impact formation with focus period, how impairments in affect behavior. We provide converging from human animal studies alters functional brain regions, circuits, neurotransmitter systems crucial cognition affective behavior, including hippocampus, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, networks fear responses cognition, serotonin (5-HT) system. also gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions determine individual differences susceptibility resilience to ELA, as well molecular pathways regulates development, emphasize epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding underlying function may great potential advance strategies better treat or prevent psychiatric disorders their origin life.

Language: Английский

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Early Adversity and Development: Parsing Heterogeneity and Identifying Pathways of Risk and Resilience

American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 178(11), P. 998 - 1013

Published: Nov. 1, 2021

Adversity early in life is common and a major risk factor for the onset of psychopathology. Delineating neurodevelopmental pathways by which adversity affects mental health critical identification targeted treatment approaches. A rapidly growing cross-species literature has facilitated advances identifying mechanisms linking with psychopathology, specific dimensions timing-related factors that differentially relate to outcomes, protective buffer against effects adversity. Yet, vast complexity heterogeneity environments trajectories contribute challenges understanding resilience context In this overview, author highlights progress four areas—mechanisms, heterogeneity, developmental timing, factors; synthesizes key challenges; provides recommendations future research can facilitate field. Translation across species ongoing refinement conceptual models have strong potential inform prevention intervention strategies reduce immense burden psychopathology associated

Language: Английский

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Sensitive periods in human development: charting a course for the future

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 36, P. 120 - 128

Published: Nov. 6, 2020

Language: Английский

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Influences of Caregiving on Development: A Sensitive Period for Biological Embedding of Predictability and Safety Cues

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 30(5), P. 376 - 383

Published: Aug. 6, 2021

Across species, caregivers exert a powerful influence on the neural and behavioral development of offspring. Increasingly, both animal human research has highlighted specific patterns in caregivers' behavior that may be especially important early life, as well neurobiological mechanisms linking caregiving experiences with long-term affective behavior. Here we delineate evidence for an sensitive period during infancy toddlerhood when caregiver inputs are predictable associated safety become biologically embedded via influences corticolimbic circuitry involved emotion regulation. We propose these signals prime to receptive later stage-specific influences, such external regulation children's emotional reactivity. Following adversity disrupts predictability this period, accelerated maturation foreshorten protracted plasticity is characteristic humans. This work implications prevention intervention efforts children exposed life adversity.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Early Life Stress on the Developing Basolateral Amygdala-Prefrontal Cortex Circuit: The Emerging Role of Local Inhibition and Perineuronal Nets

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Aug. 26, 2021

The links between early life stress (ELS) and the emergence of psychopathology such as increased anxiety depression are now well established, although specific neurobiological developmental mechanisms that translate ELS into poor health outcomes still unclear. consequences complex because they depend on form severity stress, duration, age exposure co-occurrence with other forms physical or psychological trauma. long term effects corticolimbic circuit underlying emotional social behavior particularly salient occurs during critical periods in establishment this circuit, its local balance inhibition:excitation connections neuronal pathways. Using examples drawn from human rodent literature, we review some development how it might impact fear regulation a sex- hemispheric-dependent manner both humans rodents. We explore inhibitory neurons formation perineuronal nets (PNNs) terminate plasticity promote stable networks. Overall, bulk studies report transient and/or lasting alterations glutamatergic circuits interneurons (INs) their associated PNNs. Since activity INs plays key role maturation cortical regions field potentials, these triggered by critically participate psychiatric disorders adulthood, including impaired extinction behavior.

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation, Early-Life Adversity, and Brain Development

Harvard Review of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 24 - 39

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Abstract The overarching objective is to review how early exposure adversity interacts with inflammation alter brain maturation. Both and are significant risk factors for psychopathology. Literature relevant the effects of in children adolescents on development reviewed. These studies supported by research animals exposed species-relevant stressors during development. While it known that at any age increases inflammation, exacerbated developmental stages when immature uniquely sensitive experiences. Microglia play a vital role this process, as they scavenge cellular debris prune synapses optimize performance. In essence, microglia modify synapse match environmental demands, which necessary someone history adversity. Overall, piecing together clinical preclinical areas, what emerges picture sculpts brain. interactions inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (specifically, subtype expressing parvalbumin) discussed within contexts A markers individuals abuse combined describe their Inconsistencies literature discussed, call standardizing methodologies relating assessing effects, measures quantify stress more brain-based biochemistry. Preclinical pave way interventions using anti-inflammation-based agents (COX-2 inhibitors, CB2 agonists, meditation/yoga) identifying where, when, trajectory goes awry.

Language: Английский

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Neurodevelopmental origins of substance use disorders: Evidence from animal models of early‐life adversity and addiction

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 55(9-10), P. 2170 - 2195

Published: April 7, 2021

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder with devastating personal, societal, and economic consequences. In humans, early-life adversity (ELA) such as trauma, neglect, resource scarcity are linked increased risk of later-life addiction, but the brain mechanisms underlying this link still poorly understood. Here, we focus on data from rodent models ELA in which causal effects responses to drugs neurodevelopmental by increases vulnerability addiction can be determined. We first summarize evidence for between then describe how commonly modeled rodents. Since heterogeneous disease many individually varying behavioral aspects that may impacted ELA, next discuss common assays addiction-like behaviors. specific addiction-relevant phenotypes caused male female rodents some changes reward stress circuits likely responsible. By better understanding neural promotes vulnerability, hope facilitate development new approaches preventing or treating those history ELA.

Language: Английский

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Parvalbumin interneuron alterations in stress-related mood disorders: A systematic review

Neurobiology of Stress, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15, P. 100380 - 100380

Published: Aug. 12, 2021

Stress-related psychiatric disorders including depression involve complex cellular and molecular changes in the brain, GABAergic signaling dysfunction is increasingly implicated etiology of mood disorders. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons are fast-spiking interneurons that, among other roles, coordinate synchronous neuronal firing. Mounting evidence suggests that PV neuron phenotype altered by stress In this systematic review, we assessed interneuron alterations as reported human postmortem brain studies animal models environmental stress. This review aims to 1) comprehensively catalog cell function (humans) (animals); 2) analyze strength various regions humans rodents; 3) determine whether modulating effect antidepressant treatment, physical exercise, enrichment on animals associates with particular effects function; 4) use information guide future research avenues. Its principal findings, derived mainly from rodent studies, stress-related cells only a minority positive findings region-, age-, sex-, recency-dependent, antidepressants protect stress-induced apparent loss. These observations do not currently translate well humans, although literature topic remains limited.

Language: Английский

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How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 124, P. 193 - 215

Published: Feb. 6, 2021

Language: Английский

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