Current trends, limitations and future research in the fungi?

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 125(1), С. 1 - 71

Опубликована: Март 20, 2024

Abstract The field of mycology has grown from an underappreciated subset botany, to a valuable, modern scientific discipline. As this study grown, there have been significant contributions science, technology, and industry, highlighting the value fungi in era. This paper looks at current research, along with existing limitations, suggests future areas where scientists can focus their efforts, mycology. We show how become important emerging diseases medical discuss trends potential drug novel compound discovery. explore phylogenomics, its potential, outcomes address question phylogenomics be applied fungal ecology. In addition, functional genomics studies are discussed importance unravelling intricate mechanisms underlying behaviour, interactions, adaptations, paving way for comprehensive understanding biology. look research building materials, they used as carbon sinks, biocircular economies. numbers always great interest often written about estimates varied greatly. Thus, we needs order obtain more reliable estimates. aspects machine learning (AI) it mycological research. Plant pathogens affecting food production systems on global scale, such, needed area, particularly disease detection. latest data High Throughput Sequencing if still gaining new knowledge same rate before. A review nanotechnology is provided addressed. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi addressed acknowledged. Fungal databases becoming important, therefore provide major databases. Edible medicinal huge medicines, especially Asia prospects discussed. Lifestyle changes (e.g., endophytes, pathogens, and/or saprobes) also extremely trend special issue Diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi

Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(7), С. 858 - 881

Опубликована: Май 11, 2021

Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies required therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation vital enable plant infection transcription play an essential role. Efforts determine regulatory functions plant-pathogenic expanded since annotation of fungal genomes revealed ubiquity from broad range families. This review establishes significance as elements provides systematic overview those functionally characterized. Detailed analysis provided on regulators well-characterized families controlling various aspects metabolism, development, stress tolerance, production virulence such effectors secondary metabolites. covers conserved with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, well recently identified targeting key pathways. Fundamental knowledge factor avenues identify novel improve our understanding networks linked pathogen evolution, while can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding molecular and/or specific classes direction future investigation presented.

Язык: Английский

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Insights into the mechanisms involved in the fungal degradation of plastics

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 262, С. 115202 - 115202

Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2023

Fungi are considered among the most efficient microbial degraders of plastics, as they produce salient enzymes and can survive on recalcitrant compounds with limited nutrients. In recent years, studies have reported numerous species fungi that degrade different types yet there remain many gaps in our understanding processes involved biodegradation. addition, unknowns need to be resolved regarding fungal responsible for plastic fragmentation regulatory mechanisms which use hydrolyse, assimilate mineralize synthetic plastics. This review aims detail main methods used hydrolysis by fungi, key enzymatic molecular mechanisms, chemical agents enhance breakdown viable industrial applications. Considering polymers such lignin, bioplastics, phenolics, other petroleum-based exhibit closely related characteristics terms hydrophobicity structure, degraded similar we reasoned genes been regulate biodegradation these or their homologs could equally regulation degrading fungi. Thus, this highlights provides insight into some likely target enzymes, genes, transcription factors process, well limitations upscaling biological approaches employed overcome challenges.

Язык: Английский

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Plant Disease: A Growing Threat to Global Food Security

Agronomy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(8), С. 1615 - 1615

Опубликована: Июль 24, 2024

The escalating global population has led to an increased demand for both quantity and quality in food production. Throughout history, plant diseases have posed significant threats agricultural output by causing substantial losses annually while also compromising product quality. Accurate identification of pathogens, clarifying the pathogenic mechanism understanding interaction between pathogens hosts are important control diseases. This Special Issue, “Research Progress on Pathogenicity Fungi Crops”, belongs section “Pest Disease Management” Agronomy. It contains research papers phylogeny fungal molecular genetics mechanisms pathogenicity, basis fungi crops. These studies encapsulate efforts understand disease systems within current genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics studies, highlighting findings that could be future targets crop pest control. presented this Issue promote progress pathogenicity crops provide a scientific control, which is great significance sustainable development security.

Язык: Английский

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Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers: A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses—A Review

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(5), С. 1248 - 1248

Опубликована: Май 9, 2023

Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress fungal infections significantly affect plant growth productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing factors, developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence combined abiotic factors. Halotolerant bacteria found saline environments potential promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving resistance adversities, increasing production. This review highlights capability plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) stimulate non-saline conditions, strengthen tolerance stressors, sustain fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) various challenges that limit agriculture sustainability food safety, (ii) mechanisms employed by PGPH promote both (iii) important role played recovery remediation agricultural affected soils, (iv) concerns limitations using PGHB an innovative approach boost production security.

Язык: Английский

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Rgs1 is a regulator of effector gene expression during plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(12)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2023

To cause rice blast disease, the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a battery of effector proteins into host plant tissue to facilitate infection. Effector-encoding genes are expressed only during infection and show very low expression other developmental stages. How gene is regulated in such precise manner invasive growth by M. not known. Here, we report forward-genetic screen identify regulators expression, based on selection mutants that constitutive expression. Using this simple screen, Rgs1, regulator G-protein signaling (RGS) protein necessary for appressorium development, as novel transcriptional which acts prior We an N-terminal domain possessing transactivation activity, required regulation RGS-independent manner. Rgs1 controls at least 60 temporally coregulated genes, preventing their transcription prepenetration stage development A morphogenesis therefore also orchestration pathogen

Язык: Английский

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The bZIP transcription factor BIP1 of the rice blast fungus is essential for infection and regulates a specific set of appressorium genes

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 20(1), С. e1011945 - e1011945

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2024

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae differentiates specialized cells called appressoria that are required for fungal penetration into host leaves. In this study, we identified the novel basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor BIP1 ( B -ZIP I nvolved in P athogenesis- 1 ) is essential pathogenicity. infection of plant leaves, even if they wounded, but not appressorium-mediated artificial cellophane membranes. This phenotype suggests implicated differentiation peg necessary initial establishment within cells. expression was restricted to appressorium by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed 40 genes were down regulated a deletion mutant. Most these specifically expressed appressorium. They encode proteins with pathogenesis-related functions such as enzymes involved secondary metabolism including those encoded ACE1 gene cluster, small secreted SLP2, BAS3, BAS4, AVR-Pi9 effectors, well cuticle cell wall degrading enzymes. Interestingly, network different from other known infection-related regulatory networks, highlighting complexity control during plant-fungal interactions. Promoters -regulated shared GCN4/bZIP-binding DNA motif (TGACTC) binding vitro BIP1. Mutation promoter MGG_08381 . 7 cluster abolished its appressorium-specific expression, showing behaves activator. summary, our findings demonstrate critical early invasion-related appressoria. These likely needed biotrophic invasion first infected cell, process itself. Through mechanisms, strategically anticipates environment responses penetration.

Язык: Английский

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Regulation of effector gene expression as concerted waves in Leptosphaeria maculans: a two‐player game

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 242(1), С. 247 - 261

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2024

Summary Effector genes, encoding molecules involved in disease establishment, are concertedly expressed throughout the lifecycle of plant‐pathogenic fungi. However, little is known about how effector gene expression regulated. Since many genes located repeat‐rich regions, role chromatin remodeling their regulation was recently investigated, notably establishing that repressive histone modification H3K9me3, deposited by KMT1, several fungal species including Leptosphaeria maculans . Nevertheless, previous data suggest a second regulatory layer, probably involving specific transcription factor (TF), might be required. In L. , Dothideomycete causing stem canker oilseed rape, we identified ortholog Pf2, TF belonging to Zn2Cys6 fungal‐specific family, and described as essential for pathogenicity expression. We investigated its together with inactivating over‐expressing LmPf2 wild‐type strain ∆kmt1 mutant. Functional analyses corresponding transformants highlighted an establishment pathogenesis found major effect on induction once KMT1 repression lifted. Our results show, first time, dual control

Язык: Английский

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Multi-omics approaches to understand pathogenicity during potato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Март 11, 2024

Potato early blight (PEB), a foliar disease of potato during the growing period, caused by Alternaria sp., is common in major potato-producing areas worldwide. Effective agents to control this or completely resistant varieties are absent. Large-scale use fungicides limited due possibility increase pathogen resistance and requirements ecological agriculture. In study, we focused on composition infection characteristics pathogens Yunnan Province screened candidate pathogenesis-related pathways genes. We isolated 85 strains sp. fungi from typical spots three potato-growing regions 2018 2022, identified 35 solani 50 alternata morphological characterization ITS sequence comparison, which were as main conditional causing potato, respectively. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed only A. producing appressorium at 4 h after inoculation successfully infected leaf cells. Via genome assembly annotation, combine transcriptome proteomic analysis, following pathogenicity-related unit, transcription factors metabolic pathway identified: (1) cell wall-degrading enzymes, such pectinase, keratinase, cellulase; (2) genes related conidia germination pathogenicity, ubiquitination peroxisomes; (3) factors, Zn-clus , C2H2 bZIP bHLH . These elements responsible for PEB epidemic Yunnan.

Язык: Английский

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A conserved fungal Knr4/Smi1 protein is crucial for maintaining cell wall stress tolerance and host plant pathogenesis

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 21(1), С. e1012769 - e1012769

Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2025

Filamentous plant pathogenic fungi pose significant threats to global food security, particularly through diseases like Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) which affects cereals. With mounting challenges in fungal control increasing restrictions on fungicide use due environmental concerns, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the stage-specific infection process graminearum wheat spikes by generating dual weighted gene co-expression network (WGCN). Notably, contained mycotoxin-enriched module (F12) that exhibited correlation with detoxification gene-enriched (W12). This expression was validated quantitative PCR. By examining genes highly expressed during early symptomless correlated enriched oxidative stress genes, identified encoding FgKnr4, protein containing Knr4/Smi1 disordered domain. Through analysis, confirmed pivotal role FgKnr4 various biological processes, including tolerance, cell cycle morphogenesis, growth, pathogenicity. Further studies observed phenotypes are partially involvement regulating wall integrity pathway modulating phosphorylation MAP-kinase MGV1. Orthologues widespread across kingdom but absent other Eukaryotes, suggesting has potential as promising intervention target. Encouragingly, restricted growth reduced virulence ΔFgknr4 were replicated upon deletion orthologous pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici . Overall, this study demonstrates utility integrated network-level analytical approach pinpoint high interest pathogenesis disease control.

Язык: Английский

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