Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
120(6), P. 779 - 789
Published: Feb. 1, 2012
There
has
been
increasing
interest
in
the
concept
that
exposures
to
environmental
chemicals
may
be
contributing
factors
epidemics
of
diabetes
and
obesity.
On
11-13
January
2011,
National
Institute
Environmental
Health
Sciences
(NIEHS)
Division
Toxicology
Program
(NTP)
organized
a
workshop
evaluate
current
state
science
on
these
topics
public
health
concern.The
main
objective
was
develop
recommendations
for
research
agenda
after
completing
critical
analysis
literature
humans
experimental
animals
exposed
certain
chemicals.
The
considered
at
were
arsenic,
persistent
organic
pollutants,
maternal
smoking/nicotine,
organotins,
phthalates,
bisphenol
A,
pesticides.
High-throughput
screening
data
from
21st
Century
(Tox21)
also
as
way
potential
cellular
pathways
generate
-hypotheses
testing
which
how
might
perturb
biological
processes
related
obesity.Overall,
review
existing
identified
linkages
between
several
type
2
diabetes.
support
"developmental
obesogen"
hypothesis,
suggests
chemical
increase
risk
obesity
by
altering
differentiation
adipocytes
or
development
neural
circuits
regulate
feeding
behavior.
effects
most
apparent
when
developmental
exposure
is
combined
with
consumption
high-calorie,
high-carbohydrate,
high-fat
diet
later
life.
Research
1
very
limited.
This
lack
gap.
In
this
review,
we
outline
major
themes
emerged
discuss
activities
NIEHS/NTP
undertaking
address
recommendations.
serves
an
introduction
upcoming
series
articles
regarding
specific
outcomes
more
detail.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
30(4), P. 293 - 342
Published: June 1, 2009
Abstract
There
is
growing
interest
in
the
possible
health
threat
posed
by
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals
(EDCs),
which
are
substances
our
environment,
food,
and
consumer
products
that
interfere
with
hormone
biosynthesis,
metabolism,
or
action
resulting
a
deviation
from
normal
homeostatic
control
reproduction.
In
this
first
Scientific
Statement
of
The
Endocrine
Society,
we
present
evidence
endocrine
disruptors
have
effects
on
male
female
reproduction,
breast
development
cancer,
prostate
neuroendocrinology,
thyroid,
metabolism
obesity,
cardiovascular
endocrinology.
Results
animal
models,
human
clinical
observations,
epidemiological
studies
converge
to
implicate
EDCs
as
significant
concern
public
health.
mechanisms
involve
divergent
pathways
including
(but
not
limited
to)
estrogenic,
antiandrogenic,
peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptor
γ,
retinoid,
actions
through
other
nuclear
receptors;
steroidogenic
enzymes;
neurotransmitter
receptors
systems;
many
highly
conserved
wildlife
humans,
can
be
modeled
laboratory
vitro
vivo
models.
Furthermore,
represent
broad
class
molecules
such
organochlorinated
pesticides
industrial
chemicals,
plastics
plasticizers,
fuels,
environment
widespread
use.
We
make
number
recommendations
increase
understanding
EDCs,
enhancing
increased
basic
research,
invoking
precautionary
principle,
advocating
involvement
individual
scientific
society
stakeholders
communicating
implementing
changes
policy
awareness.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
45(21), P. 9175 - 9179
Published: Sept. 6, 2011
Plastic
debris
<1
mm
(defined
here
as
microplastic)
is
accumulating
in
marine
habitats.
Ingestion
of
microplastic
provides
a
potential
pathway
for
the
transfer
pollutants,
monomers,
and
plastic-additives
to
organisms
with
uncertain
consequences
their
health.
Here,
we
show
that
contaminates
shorelines
at
18
sites
worldwide
representing
six
continents
from
poles
equator,
more
material
densely
populated
areas,
but
no
clear
relationship
between
abundance
miocroplastics
mean
size-distribution
natural
particulates.
An
important
source
appears
be
through
sewage
contaminated
by
fibers
washing
clothes.
Forensic
evaluation
sediments
showed
proportions
polyester
acrylic
used
clothing
resembled
those
found
habitats
receive
sewage-discharges
sewage-effluent
itself.
Experiments
sampling
wastewater
domestic
machines
demonstrated
single
garment
can
produce
>1900
per
wash.
This
suggests
large
proportion
environment
may
derived
consequence
As
human
population
grows
people
use
synthetic
textiles,
contamination
animals
likely
increase.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
364(1526), P. 2153 - 2166
Published: June 15, 2009
Plastics
have
transformed
everyday
life;
usage
is
increasing
and
annual
production
likely
to
exceed
300
million
tonnes
by
2010.
In
this
concluding
paper
the
Theme
Issue
on
Plastics,
Environment
Human
Health,
we
synthesize
current
understanding
of
benefits
concerns
surrounding
use
plastics
look
future
priorities,
challenges
opportunities.
It
evident
that
bring
many
societal
offer
technological
medical
advances.
However,
about
disposal
are
diverse
include
accumulation
waste
in
landfills
natural
habitats,
physical
problems
for
wildlife
resulting
from
ingestion
or
entanglement
plastic,
leaching
chemicals
plastic
products
potential
transfer
humans.
perhaps
most
important
overriding
concern,
which
implicit
throughout
volume,
our
not
sustainable.
Around
4
per
cent
world
oil
used
as
a
feedstock
make
similar
amount
energy
process.
Yet
over
third
items
packaging,
then
rapidly
discarded.
Given
declining
reserves
fossil
fuels,
finite
capacity
landfill,
linear
hydrocarbons,
via
packaging
other
short-lived
applications
simply
There
solutions,
including
material
reduction,
design
end-of-life
recyclability,
increased
recycling
capacity,
development
bio-based
feedstocks,
strategies
reduce
littering,
application
green
chemistry
life-cycle
analyses
revised
risk
assessment
approaches.
Such
measures
will
be
effective
through
combined
actions
public,
industry,
scientists
policymakers.
some
urgency,
quantity
produced
first
10
years
century
approach
entire
preceded.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
51(12), P. 6634 - 6647
Published: May 22, 2017
Microplastics
are
a
pollutant
of
environmental
concern.
Their
presence
in
food
destined
for
human
consumption
and
air
samples
has
been
reported.
Thus,
microplastic
exposure
via
diet
or
inhalation
could
occur,
the
health
effects
which
unknown.
The
current
review
article
draws
upon
cross-disciplinary
scientific
literature
to
discuss
evaluate
potential
impacts
microplastics
outlines
urgent
areas
future
research.
Key
up
September
2016
relating
accumulation,
particle
toxicity,
chemical
microbial
contaminants
was
critically
examined.
Although
is
an
emerging
field,
complementary
existing
fields
indicate
particle,
hazards.
If
inhaled
ingested,
may
accumulate
exert
localized
toxicity
by
inducing
enhancing
immune
response.
Chemical
occur
due
leaching
component
monomers,
endogenous
additives,
adsorbed
pollutants.
Chronic
anticipated
be
greater
concern
accumulative
effect
that
occur.
This
expected
dose-dependent,
robust
evidence-base
levels
currently
lacking.
there
impact
health,
assessing
burdens
key.
information
will
guide
research
into
mechanisms
hence
therein
possible
effects.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
36(6), P. E1 - E150
Published: Nov. 6, 2015
The
Endocrine
Society's
first
Scientific
Statement
in
2009
provided
a
wake-up
call
to
the
scientific
community
about
how
environmental
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals
(EDCs)
affect
health
and
disease.
Five
years
later,
substantially
larger
body
of
literature
has
solidified
our
understanding
plausible
mechanisms
underlying
EDC
actions
exposures
animals
humans—especially
during
development—may
lay
foundations
for
disease
later
life.
At
this
point
history,
we
have
much
stronger
knowledge
EDCs
alter
gene-environment
interactions
via
physiological,
cellular,
molecular,
epigenetic
changes,
thereby
producing
effects
exposed
individuals
as
well
their
descendants.
Causal
links
between
exposure
manifestation
are
substantiated
by
experimental
animal
models
consistent
with
correlative
epidemiological
data
humans.
There
several
caveats
because
differences
work
is
conducted
can
lead
difficulties
drawing
broad
conclusions,
must
continue
be
cautious
inferring
causality
In
second
Statement,
reviewed
on
subset
topics
which
translational
evidence
strongest:
1)
obesity
diabetes;
2)
female
reproduction;
3)
male
4)
hormone-sensitive
cancers
females;
5)
prostate;
6)
thyroid;
7)
neurodevelopment
neuroendocrine
systems.
Our
inclusion
criteria
studies
were
those
predominantly
past
5
deemed
high
quality
based
appropriate
negative
positive
control
groups
or
populations,
adequate
sample
size
design,
mammalian
levels
range
that
was
relevant
We
also
focused
using
developmental
origins
model.
No
report
excluded
effect
exposure.
bulk
results
across
board
strengthen
endocrine
health-related
EDCs.
Based
more
complete
principles
act,
including
nonmonotonic
dose-responses,
low-dose
effects,
vulnerability,
these
findings
better
translated
human
health.
Armed
information,
researchers,
physicians,
other
healthcare
providers
guide
regulators
policymakers
they
make
responsible
decisions.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
30(1), P. 75 - 95
Published: Feb. 1, 2009
In
1991,
a
group
of
21
scientists
gathered
at
the
Wingspread
Conference
Center
to
discuss
evidence
developmental
alterations
observed
in
wildlife
populations
after
chemical
exposures.
There,
term
"endocrine
disruptor"
was
agreed
upon
describe
class
chemicals
including
those
that
act
as
agonists
and
antagonists
estrogen
receptors
(ERs),
androgen
receptor,
thyroid
hormone
others.
This
definition
has
since
evolved,
field
grown
encompass
hundreds
chemicals.
Despite
significant
advances
study
endocrine
disruptors,
several
controversies
have
sprung
up
continue,
debate
over
existence
nonmonotonic
dose
response
curves,
mechanisms
low-dose
effects,
importance
considering
critical
periods
exposure
experimental
design.
One
found
ubiquitously
our
environment,
bisphenol-A
(BPA),
received
tremendous
amount
attention
from
research
scientists,
government
panels,
popular
press.
this
review,
we
covered
above-mentioned
plus
six
additional
issues
divided
BPA
research,
namely:
1)
action;
2)
levels
human
exposure;
3)
routes
4)
pharmacokinetic
models
metabolism;
5)
effects
on
exposed
animals;
6)
links
between
cancer.
Understanding
these
topics
is
essential
for
educating
public
medical
professionals
about
potential
risks
associated
with
other
design
rigorously
researched
programs
using
both
epidemiological
animal
studies,
ultimately
development
sound
health
policy.
Oman Medical Journal,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
27(4), P. 269 - 273
Published: July 16, 2012
Type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(DM)
is
a
chronic
metabolic
disorder
in
which
prevalence
has
been
increasing
steadily
all
over
the
world.As
result
of
this
trend,
it
fast
becoming
an
epidemic
some
countries
world
with
number
people
affected
expected
to
double
next
decade
due
increase
ageing
population,
thereby
adding
already
existing
burden
for
healthcare
providers,
especially
poorly
developed
countries.This
review
based
on
search
Medline,
Cochrane
Database
Systemic
Reviews,
and
citation
lists
relevant
publications.Subject
heading
key
words
used
include
type
mellitus,
prevalence,
current
diagnosis,
treatment.Only
articles
English
were
included.Screening
diagnosis
still
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
American
Diabetes
Association
(ADA)
criteria
both
clinical
laboratory
parameters.No
cure
yet
found
disease;
however,
treatment
modalities
lifestyle
modifications,
obesity,
oral
hypoglycemic
agents,
insulin
sensitizers
like
metformin,
biguanide
that
reduces
resistance,
recommended
first
line
medication
obese
patients.Other
effective
medications
nonsulfonylurea
secretagogues,
thiazolidinediones,
alpha
glucosidase
inhibitors,
insulin.Recent
research
into
pathophysiology
DM
led
introduction
new
glucagon-like
peptide
1
analogoues:
dipeptidyl
peptidase-IV
inhibitors
sodium-glucose
cotransporter
11ß-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase
1,
insulin-releasing
glucokinase
activators
pancreatic-G-protein-coupled
fatty-acid-receptor
agonists,
glucagon-receptor
antagonists,
hepatic
glucose
output
quick-release
bromocriptine.Inhaled
was
licensed
use
2006
but
withdrawn
from
market
because
low
patronage.