Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review

Marine Pollution Bulletin, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 62(12), P. 2588 - 2597

Published: Oct. 17, 2011

Language: Английский

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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 30(4), P. 293 - 342

Published: June 1, 2009

Abstract There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting a deviation from normal homeostatic control reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present evidence endocrine disruptors have effects on male female reproduction, breast development cancer, prostate neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism obesity, cardiovascular endocrinology. Results animal models, human clinical observations, epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as significant concern public health. mechanisms involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, retinoid, actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors systems; many highly conserved wildlife humans, can be modeled laboratory vitro vivo models. Furthermore, represent broad class molecules such organochlorinated pesticides industrial chemicals, plastics plasticizers, fuels, environment widespread use. We make number recommendations increase understanding EDCs, enhancing increased basic research, invoking precautionary principle, advocating involvement individual scientific society stakeholders communicating implementing changes policy awareness.

Language: Английский

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Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 45(21), P. 9175 - 9179

Published: Sept. 6, 2011

Plastic debris <1 mm (defined here as microplastic) is accumulating in marine habitats. Ingestion of microplastic provides a potential pathway for the transfer pollutants, monomers, and plastic-additives to organisms with uncertain consequences their health. Here, we show that contaminates shorelines at 18 sites worldwide representing six continents from poles equator, more material densely populated areas, but no clear relationship between abundance miocroplastics mean size-distribution natural particulates. An important source appears be through sewage contaminated by fibers washing clothes. Forensic evaluation sediments showed proportions polyester acrylic used clothing resembled those found habitats receive sewage-discharges sewage-effluent itself. Experiments sampling wastewater domestic machines demonstrated single garment can produce >1900 per wash. This suggests large proportion environment may derived consequence As human population grows people use synthetic textiles, contamination animals likely increase.

Language: Английский

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Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 364(1526), P. 2153 - 2166

Published: June 15, 2009

Plastics have transformed everyday life; usage is increasing and annual production likely to exceed 300 million tonnes by 2010. In this concluding paper the Theme Issue on Plastics, Environment Human Health, we synthesize current understanding of benefits concerns surrounding use plastics look future priorities, challenges opportunities. It evident that bring many societal offer technological medical advances. However, about disposal are diverse include accumulation waste in landfills natural habitats, physical problems for wildlife resulting from ingestion or entanglement plastic, leaching chemicals plastic products potential transfer humans. perhaps most important overriding concern, which implicit throughout volume, our not sustainable. Around 4 per cent world oil used as a feedstock make similar amount energy process. Yet over third items packaging, then rapidly discarded. Given declining reserves fossil fuels, finite capacity landfill, linear hydrocarbons, via packaging other short-lived applications simply There solutions, including material reduction, design end-of-life recyclability, increased recycling capacity, development bio-based feedstocks, strategies reduce littering, application green chemistry life-cycle analyses revised risk assessment approaches. Such measures will be effective through combined actions public, industry, scientists policymakers. some urgency, quantity produced first 10 years century approach entire preceded.

Language: Английский

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Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 51(12), P. 6634 - 6647

Published: May 22, 2017

Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the health effects which unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss evaluate potential impacts microplastics outlines urgent areas future research. Key up September 2016 relating accumulation, particle toxicity, chemical microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate particle, hazards. If inhaled ingested, may accumulate exert localized toxicity by inducing enhancing immune response. Chemical occur due leaching component monomers, endogenous additives, adsorbed pollutants. Chronic anticipated be greater concern accumulative effect that occur. This expected dose-dependent, robust evidence-base levels currently lacking. there impact health, assessing burdens key. information will guide research into mechanisms hence therein possible effects.

Language: Английский

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EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 36(6), P. E1 - E150

Published: Nov. 6, 2015

The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions exposures animals humans—especially during development—may lay foundations for disease later life. At this point history, we have much stronger knowledge EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects exposed individuals as well their descendants. Causal links between exposure manifestation are substantiated by experimental animal models consistent with correlative epidemiological data humans. There several caveats because differences work is conducted can lead difficulties drawing broad conclusions, must continue be cautious inferring causality In second Statement, reviewed on subset topics which translational evidence strongest: 1) obesity diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male 4) hormone-sensitive cancers females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; 7) neurodevelopment neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria studies were those predominantly past 5 deemed high quality based appropriate negative positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size design, mammalian levels range that was relevant We also focused using developmental origins model. No report excluded effect exposure. bulk results across board strengthen endocrine health-related EDCs. Based more complete principles act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, vulnerability, these findings better translated human health. Armed information, researchers, physicians, other healthcare providers guide regulators policymakers they make responsible decisions.

Language: Английский

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Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature

Reproductive Toxicology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 42, P. 132 - 155

Published: Aug. 30, 2013

Language: Английский

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Bisphenol-A and the Great Divide: A Review of Controversies in the Field of Endocrine Disruption

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 75 - 95

Published: Feb. 1, 2009

In 1991, a group of 21 scientists gathered at the Wingspread Conference Center to discuss evidence developmental alterations observed in wildlife populations after chemical exposures. There, term "endocrine disruptor" was agreed upon describe class chemicals including those that act as agonists and antagonists estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptor, thyroid hormone others. This definition has since evolved, field grown encompass hundreds chemicals. Despite significant advances study endocrine disruptors, several controversies have sprung up continue, debate over existence nonmonotonic dose response curves, mechanisms low-dose effects, importance considering critical periods exposure experimental design. One found ubiquitously our environment, bisphenol-A (BPA), received tremendous amount attention from research scientists, government panels, popular press. this review, we covered above-mentioned plus six additional issues divided BPA research, namely: 1) action; 2) levels human exposure; 3) routes 4) pharmacokinetic models metabolism; 5) effects on exposed animals; 6) links between cancer. Understanding these topics is essential for educating public medical professionals about potential risks associated with other design rigorously researched programs using both epidemiological animal studies, ultimately development sound health policy.

Language: Английский

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Bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 127(1-2), P. 27 - 34

Published: May 20, 2011

Language: Английский

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

Oman Medical Journal, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 27(4), P. 269 - 273

Published: July 16, 2012

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world.As result of this trend, it fast becoming an epidemic some countries world with number people affected expected to double next decade due increase ageing population, thereby adding already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially poorly developed countries.This review based on search Medline, Cochrane Database Systemic Reviews, and citation lists relevant publications.Subject heading key words used include type mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, treatment.Only articles English were included.Screening diagnosis still World Health Organization (WHO) American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria both clinical laboratory parameters.No cure yet found disease; however, treatment modalities lifestyle modifications, obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin sensitizers like metformin, biguanide that reduces resistance, recommended first line medication obese patients.Other effective medications nonsulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, insulin.Recent research into pathophysiology DM led introduction new glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors sodium-glucose cotransporter 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, insulin-releasing glucokinase activators pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, hepatic glucose output quick-release bromocriptine.Inhaled was licensed use 2006 but withdrawn from market because low patronage.

Language: Английский

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