1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Based High‐Energy‐Density Materials: Synthesis and Performance

ChemPlusChem, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 85(1), P. 13 - 42

Published: Oct. 16, 2019

Abstract This Review covers the synthesis and performance of most promising 1,2,5‐oxadiazole‐based high‐energy density materials (HEDMs). These comprise a 1,2,5‐oxadiazole subunit as key structural motif linked to various acyclic explosophoric groups or nitrogen‐rich nitrogen‐oxygen azoles: 1,2,4‐triazole, tetrazole, 1,2,4‐ 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. Energetic alliances two more rings directly through heteroatom spacers are also presented. Particular attention is devoted installation different explosophores: nitro, nitramino, azo, azoxy, dinitromethyl, trinitroethyl moieties their combination. Promising environmentally benign energetic with high detonation velocity pressure, outstanding insensitivity summarized. Overall, presented may be considered next‐generation high‐performance that superior commonly used traditional explosives (TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX).

Language: Английский

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Recent synthetic efforts towards high energy density materials: How to design high-performance energetic structures?

FirePhysChem, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2(2), P. 83 - 139

Published: Oct. 1, 2021

Energetic material is a very essential company of compounds, widely used in various fields, primarily the military industry and space technologies. These compounds are unique that they capable instantly decomposing to release enormous energy. The chemical diversity energetic organic constantly increasing through combination high-nitrogen frameworks explosophoric groups, which follows overall trend interest their chemistry applications. scientific community looking for more powerful less sensitive external impulses both civilian use. Herein, detailed overview regarding classic novel groups frameworks, as well description selected synthesis target has been given time period since 2010. physical properties performances benchmark prospective also collected.

Language: Английский

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Sensitivity of energetic materials: Evidence of thermodynamic factor on a large array of CHNOFCl compounds

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 421, P. 129804 - 129804

Published: April 19, 2021

Language: Английский

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The chemistry of heterocycles in the 21st century

Russian Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 93(7), P. RCR5125 - RCR5125

Published: July 1, 2024

The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds has traditionally been and remains a bright area chemical science in Russia. This is due to the fact that many heterocycles find widest application. These are key structural fragments most drugs, plant protection agents. Many natural also derivatives heterocycles. At present, more than half hundreds millions known collective review devoted achievements Russian chemists this field over last 15–20 years. presents leading heterocyclists representing both RAS institutes university science. It worth noting wide scope review, terms geography author teams, covering whole our large country, diversity research areas. Practically all major types represented review. special attention focused on practical applications design new drugs biologically active compounds, high-energy molecules, materials for organic electronics photovoltaics, ligands coordination chemistry, other rapidly developing advances would not be possible without development fundamental transformations chemistry.<br> Bibliography — 2237 references.

Language: Английский

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Progress in the chemistry of nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic systems

Russian Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 89(1), P. 55 - 124

Published: Sept. 27, 2019

The review is devoted to modern trends in the chemistry of nitrogen-, oxygen-and sulfur-containing monocyclic, polynuclear and benzo(hetero)annulated heterocyclic compounds. Methods for synthesis chemical reactivity furazan, furoxan, thiazole, thiadiazole, dithiazole, thiophene, glycoluril, imidazotriazine, diaziridine other heterocycles are discussed. Characteristic features reactions depending on structure starting compounds, intermediates reaction medium (organic solvents, ionic liquids) mechanistic aspects most interesting transformations considered. Data biological activities prospects practical applications indicated systems presented. bibliography includes 383 references.

Language: Английский

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Bipyrazole bearing ten nitro groups – a novel highly dense oxidizer for forward-looking rocket propulsions

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(30), P. 14780 - 14786

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Novel high-density oxidizer based on highly nitrated bipyrazole was developed. It is the champion among heteroaromatic CHNO compounds with a density equal to 2.021 g cm⁻³ at room temperature.

Language: Английский

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Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance

Chemistry - A European Journal, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(16), P. 4225 - 4233

Published: Jan. 15, 2019

A series of highly energetic organic salts comprising a tetrazolylfuroxan anion, explosophoric azido or azo functionalities, and nitrogen-rich cations were synthesized by simple, efficient, scalable chemical routes. These materials fully characterized IR multinuclear NMR (1 H, 13 C, 14 N, 15 N) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the structure an salt consisting azidotetrazolylfuroxan anion 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazolium cation was confirmed single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds exhibit good experimental densities (1.57-1.71 g cm-3 ), very high enthalpies formation (818-1363 kJ mol-1 and, as result, excellent detonation performance (detonation velocities 7.54-8.26 kms-1 pressures 23.4-29.3 GPa). Most have moderate sensitivity toward impact friction, which makes them promising candidates for variety applications. At same time, three on primary explosives level (1.5-2.7 J). results along with parameters nitrogen contents (66.0-70.2 %) indicate that these may serve potential environmentally friendly alternatives to lead-based explosives.

Language: Английский

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Pyrazole–Tetrazole Hybrid with Trinitromethyl, Fluorodinitromethyl, or (Difluoroamino)dinitromethyl Groups: High‐Performance Energetic Materials

Chemistry - An Asian Journal, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 1165 - 1172

Published: Feb. 21, 2018

Abstract High‐nitrogen‐content compounds have attracted great scientific interest and technological importance because of their unique energy content, they find diverse applications in many fields science technology. Understanding structure–property relationship trends how to modify them is paramount for further improvement. Herein, the installation oxygen‐rich modules, C(NO 2 ) 3 , F, or NF into an endothermic framework, that is, combination a nitropyrazole unit tetrazole ring, used as way design novel energetic compounds. Density, oxygen balance, enthalpy formation are enhanced by presence these oxygen‐containing units. The structures all were confirmed XRD. For crystal packing analysis, it proposed use new criterion, Δ OED can serve measure tightness molecular upon formation. Overall, materials show promising detonation propulsion parameters.

Language: Английский

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Nitro compounds as the core structures of promising energetic materials and versatile reagents for organic synthesis

Russian Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 89(1), P. 1 - 54

Published: Oct. 31, 2019

This review addresses some promising areas of chemistry nitro compounds extensively developed in recent years Russia (particularly at the N.D.Zelinsky Institute Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy Sciences) and worldwide. The most important results synthesis novel energetic N -, C - O -nitro are summarized. New environmentally friendly approaches to preparation known this series, used as components compositions, considered. Methods for selective transformations various valuable products organic synthesis, primarily biologically active their precursors, systematically analyzed. bibliography includes 446 references.

Language: Английский

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Strategies for constructing melt-castable energetic materials: A critical review

Energetic Materials Frontiers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. 69 - 85

Published: Feb. 16, 2021

Melt-castable energetic materials are utilized in a wide variety of civilian and military applications, such as construction, demolition, underwater blasting, mining, oil well perforation, munitions. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is traditionally-applied melt-castable explosive; however, its low physical-performance output, environmental pollution characteristics, safety issues restrict further development towards future industrial applications. This review addresses advances the design, synthesis, characterization new featuring fluorine, gem-dinitrofluoroethyl, nitrate ester groups nitrofurazan 1,2,4-oxadizaole skeletons, which have led to novel high-performance TNT candidates between 2012 2020.

Language: Английский

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