Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights

Gut, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 71(5), P. 1020 - 1032

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to regulation host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types crosstalk with organs. Because development molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), complex interactions occurring between microorganisms progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, deviations linked many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel (IBDs) several cancer. Thus, that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid glucose metabolism affected. In this review, specific attention given provide a critical evaluation current understanding field. Numerous mechanisms explaining how bacteria might be causally protection or onset discussed. We examine well-established metabolites short-chain fatty acids, bile trimethylamine N-oxide) extend more recently identified actors endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products enterosynes) their receptors such peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), G protein-coupled GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda 5). Altogether, complexity aspects linking health will help set basis for novel therapies already developed.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1613 - 1613

Published: July 16, 2019

The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden care. Dietary patterns environmental factors have profound effect on shaping microbiota real time. Diverse populations intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through fermentation dietary fiber produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with roles lipid homeostasis reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that individual's starting microbial profile is key determinant predicting response intervention live probiotics. complex challenging characterize. Enterotypes been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, ratio Firmicutes Bacteroidetes phyla, relative abundance genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition bacterial are linked physiologic along different axes. We review diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, prebiotic maintaining healthy flora. implications discussed for various including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory disease, depression, cardiovascular disease.

Language: Английский

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The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1107 - 1107

Published: April 16, 2020

The relationship between diet and the diversity function of intestinal microbiome its importance for human health is currently subject many studies. type proportion microorganisms found in intestines can determine energy balance host. Intestinal perform important functions, one which participation metabolic processes, e.g., production short-chain fatty acids—SCFAs (also called volatile acids). These acids represent main carbon flow from to host microbiome. Maintaining necessary maintain host's normal prevent diseases. results studies confirm beneficial effect probiotic on produced metabolites, including SCFAs. aim this review summarize what known effects probiotics by gut microbes. In addition, mechanism formation properties these metabolites discussed verified test confirming effectiveness nutrition modulating SCFAs presented.

Language: Английский

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DRAM for distilling microbial metabolism to automate the curation of microbiome function

Nucleic Acids Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 48(16), P. 8883 - 8900

Published: July 22, 2020

Abstract Microbial and viral communities transform the chemistry of Earth's ecosystems, yet specific reactions catalyzed by these biological engines are hard to decode due absence a scalable, metabolically resolved, annotation software. Here, we present DRAM (Distilled Refined Annotation Metabolism), framework translate deluge microbiome-based genomic information into catalog microbial traits. To demonstrate applicability across diverse genomes, evaluated performance on defined, in silico soil community previously published human gut metagenomes. We show that accurately assigned contributions geochemical cycles automated partitioning carbohydrate metabolism at substrate levels. DRAM-v, mode DRAM, established rules identify virally-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), resulting categorization thousands putative AMGs from soils guts. Together DRAM-v provide critical profiling capabilities decipher mechanisms underpinning microbiome function.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 1105 - 1105

Published: Jan. 20, 2022

Gut microbiota encompasses a wide variety of commensal microorganisms consisting trillions bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbial population coexists in symbiosis with the host, related metabolites have profound effects on human health. In this respect, gut plays pivotal role regulation metabolic, endocrine, immune functions. Bacterial include short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), which are most abundant SCFAs body anions colon. made from fermentation dietary fiber resistant starch gut. They modulate several metabolic pathways involved obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes. Thus, diet might influence composition activity, production, effects. narrative review, we discuss relevant research focusing relationship between microbiota, SCFAs, glucose metabolism.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

The gut microbiota plays an important role in cardio-metabolic diseases with diet being among the strongest modulators of composition and function. Resistant dietary carbohydrates are fermented to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by bacteria. Fiber omega-3 rich diets increase SCFAs production abundance SCFA-producing Likewise, can improve barrier integrity, glucose, lipid metabolism, regulate immune system, inflammatory response, blood pressure. Therefore, targeting strategies leading increased SCFA may benefit health. In this review, we provide overview association between diet, produced diseases. We first discuss human diseases, then investigate finally explore beneficial effects specific interventions that outcomes through boosting production.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 16, 2020

The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). underlying mechanisms as how intestinal may contribute T2D are only partly understood. It becomes progressively clear that is characterized by a chronic state low-grade inflammation, which insulin resistance. Here, we review current evidence microbiota, metabolites they produce, could drive resistance in T2D, possibly initiating an inflammatory response. First, will summarize major findings about immunological microbial changes these metabolic diseases. Next, give detailed view on have implicated inflammation. Lastly, critically discuss clinical studies focus interaction between immune system disease. Overall, there strong tripartite host metabolism critical partaker pathophysiology T2D.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 165, P. 105420 - 105420

Published: Jan. 12, 2021

Language: Английский

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Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease

Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 264, P. 118627 - 118627

Published: Oct. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

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Function of Akkermansia muciniphila in Obesity: Interactions With Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response and Gut Systems

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 21, 2020

Obesity and its metabolic syndrome, including liver disorders type 2 diabetes, are a worldwide epidemic intimately linked to diet. The gut microbiota interaction has been pointed out as hot topic research at treating obesity related diseases by influencing energy metabolism immune system. In terms of the novel identified beneficial microbes, Akkermansia muciniphila (A.muciniphila ) is colonized in mucosa layer modulates basal metabolism. A.muciniphila consistently correlated with obesity. causal impact on A.muciniphila-treated coming light, which proved variety animal models human studies. characterized player body create great expectation for treatments associated obesity, well considered new generation therapeutic agents. This paper aimed was investigate underlying basic mechanism A.muciniphila-related host interactions recent discoveries, facilitating establish relationship A.muciniphila-associated supplement.

Language: Английский

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