Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(23), P. 12836 - 12836

Published: Dec. 6, 2021

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells their secretions. gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity function homeostatic balance. Pathogens, xenobiotics food can disrupt barrier, promoting systemic inflammation tissue damage. Genetic factors predispose individuals to dysfunction, changes composition are central this process. progressive identification these has led development concept ‘leaky syndrome’ ‘gut dysbiosis’, which underlie relationship between impairment, metabolic diseases autoimmunity. Understanding mechanisms underlying process is an intriguing subject research diagnosis treatment various extraintestinal diseases.

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(5), P. 524 - 524

Published: May 7, 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise increasing age. There are currently no effective modifying treatments for AD, resulting in increasingly large socioeconomic personal costs. Increasing age an increase low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging) that may contribute the process AD. Although exact mechanisms remain unclear, aberrant elevation reactive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS) levels from several endogenous exogenous processes brain not only affect cell signaling, but also trigger cellular senescence, inflammation, pyroptosis. Moreover, compromised immune privilege allows infiltration peripheral cells infectious agents play role. Additionally, meta-inflammation as well gut microbiota dysbiosis drive neuroinflammatory process. Considering inflammatory/immune pathways dysregulated parallel cognitive dysfunction elucidating relationship between central nervous system facilitate development safe therapy We discuss some current ideas on inflammaging appear summarize details few immunomodulatory strategies being developed selectively target detrimental aspects neuroinflammation without affecting defense against pathogens tissue damage.

Language: Английский

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The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 668 - 668

Published: Feb. 5, 2022

Gut microbiota is emerging as a key regulator of many disease conditions and its dysregulation implicated in the pathogenesis several gastrointestinal extraintestinal disorders. More recently, gut microbiome alterations have been linked to neurodegeneration through increasingly defined brain axis, opening possibility for new microbiota-based therapeutic options. Although studies conducted unravel possible relationship between Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) progression, diagnostic potential approaches aiming at restoring eubiosis remain be fully addressed. In this narrative review, we briefly summarize role homeostasis health disease, present evidence AD patients. Based on these observations, then discuss how dysbiosis might exploited tool early advanced stages, examine prebiotics, probiotics, fecal transplantation, diets complementary interventions thus offering insights into diagnosis treatment devastating progressive disease.

Language: Английский

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Crosstalk between Gut and Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation Strategies

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 690 - 690

Published: Feb. 21, 2021

The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies suggest GM can influence health host, several factors modify composition, such as diet, drug intake, lifestyle, geographical locations. Gut dysbiosis affect brain immune homeostasis through microbiota-gut-brain axis play key role pathogenesis neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia Alzheimer's disease (AD). relationship between AD is still elusive, but emerging evidence suggests it enhance secretion lipopolysaccharides amyloids may disturb intestinal permeability blood-brain barrier. In addition, promote hallmarks AD, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta formation, insulin resistance, ultimately causation neural death. Poor dietary habits aging, along with inflammatory responses due to dysbiosis, contribute AD. Thus, modulation probiotics, or fecal transplantation could represent potential therapeutics this review, we discuss therapeutic strategies modulate

Language: Английский

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Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: April 20, 2022

There is emerging evidence that diet has a major modulatory influence on brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) interactions with important implications for brain health, and several disorders. The BGM system made up of neuroendocrine, neural, immune communication channels which establish network bidirectional between the brain, gut its microbiome. Diet not only plays crucial role in shaping microbiome, but it can modulate structure function through these channels. In this review, we summarize available from preclinical clinical studies dietary habits interventions selected group psychiatric neurologic disorders including depression, cognitive decline, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorder epilepsy. We will particularly address diet-induced microbiome changes have been implicated effects, some are shared different While majority findings demonstrated cross-sectional, epidemiological studies, to date there insufficient mechanistic human make conclusions about causality specific microbially mediated function. Many benefits health attributed anti-inflammatory effects by microbial metabolites fiber polyphenols. new attention given factors potential improve treatment outcomes currently pharmacological non-pharmacological therapies.

Language: Английский

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The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review

Brain, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 146(10), P. 3969 - 3990

Published: May 15, 2023

Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and been heralded as corroboration the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review history weaknesses hypothesis in view new evidence obtained anti-amyloid antibodies. These indicate treatments either no or uncertain effect on cognition. Despite importance definition argue point playing minor aetiological role. We also discuss suggesting concerted activity many pathogenic factors propose evolving multi-factor models will better underpin search effective strategies treat disease.

Language: Английский

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Probiotics for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 20 - 20

Published: Dec. 22, 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorders affecting mostly elderly. It characterized by presence Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), resulting in cognitive memory impairment. Research shows that alteration gut microbial diversity defects brain axis are linked to AD. Probiotics known be one best preventative measures against decline Numerous vivo trials recent clinical have proven effectiveness selected bacterial strains slowing down progression probiotics modulate inflammatory process, counteract with oxidative stress, modify microbiota. Thus, this review summarizes current evidence, strains, AD, harmful for mechanism action preventing A literature search on databases such as PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Nature, Springer link identified potentially relevant articles topic. However, upon consideration inclusion criteria limitation publication year, only 22 been further reviewed. The query includes few sets keywords follows. (1) OR microbiome microbes AND (2) Alzheimer aging dementia (3) trial animal study. results evidenced study help clearly illustrate relationship between probiotic supplementation systematic will identify novel therapeutic strategies future free from triggering any adverse effects human body.

Language: Английский

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N6-methyladenosine and Neurological Diseases

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(3), P. 1925 - 1937

Published: Jan. 15, 2022

Language: Английский

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The role of serotonin within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 75, P. 101556 - 101556

Published: Jan. 3, 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for more than 50 million patients worldwide. Current evidence suggests exact mechanism behind this devastating to be multifactorial origin, which seriously complicates quest an effective disease-modifying therapy, as well impedes search strategic preventative measures. Of interest, preclinical studies point serotonergic alterations, either induced via selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or receptor (ant)agonists, in mitigating AD brain neuropathology next its clinical symptoms, latter being supported by a handful human intervention trials. Additionally, substantial amount trials highlight potential diet, fecal microbiota transplantations, pre- and probiotics modulating brain’s neurotransmitter system, starting from gut. Whether such interventions could truly prevent, reverse slow down progression likewise, should initially tested with mouse models, including sufficient analytical measurements both gut brain. Thereafter, therapeutic effect confirmed rigorously randomized controlled humans, preferentially across continuum, but especially prodromal up mild stages, where high adherence therapies, room noticeable enhancement are feasible still. In end, might aid development comprehensive approach tackle complex disease, since derivatives microbiota-gut-brain axis serve possible biomarkers progression, forming valuable target drug development. narrative review, available concerning orchestrating role within summarized discussed, general considerations future highlighted.

Language: Английский

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Overlapping Mechanisms of Action of Brain-Active Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in the Pathogenesis of Common Brain Diseases

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(13), P. 2661 - 2661

Published: June 27, 2022

The involvement of the gut microbiota and metabolites colon-residing bacteria in brain disease pathogenesis has been covered a growing number studies, but comparative literature is scarce. To fill this gap, we explored contribution microbiota-gut-brain axis to pathophysiology seven brain-related diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's major depressive bipolar disorder). In article, discussed changes bacterial abundance metabolic implications these on development progression. Our central findings indicate that, mechanistically, all are associated with leaky gut, neuroinflammation, over-activated microglial cells, which gut-residing their important contributors. Patients show pro-inflammatory shift colon microbiota, harbouring more Gram-negative containing immune-triggering lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cell walls. addition, properties (

Language: Английский

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