Orthopedic Reviews,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: March 31, 2025
Musculoskeletal
injuries
and
degenerative
conditions
necessitate
advanced
regenerative
solutions.
Tissue
engineering
has
emerged
as
a
pivotal
field
in
orthopedic
care,
particularly
vascularized
bone
cartilage
regeneration.
This
narrative
review
examines
the
latest
advancements
vascular
tissue
engineering,
including
scaffold
design,
cell-based
techniques,
growth
factor
delivery.
A
comprehensive
literature
search
was
conducted
using
PubMed,
ScienceDirect,
Google
Scholar,
focusing
on
innovations
challenges
field.
Vascularized
grafts
(VBGs)
outperform
non-vascularized
counterparts
promoting
healing
integration.
Advances
materials,
such
smart
scaffolds
hybrid
biomaterials,
enhance
osteogenesis
angiogenesis.
Cellular
therapies,
utilizing
mesenchymal
stem
cells
induced
pluripotent
cells,
synergistically
improve
vascularization
Growth
factors
like
VEGF
morphogenic
protein
(BMP-2),
integrated
with
innovative
delivery
systems,
enable
sustained
angiogenic
stimulation
While
significant
strides
have
been
made,
persist
achieving
full
integration
replicating
native
architecture.
Innovations
technology
surgery
techniques
hold
promise
for
transforming
improving
patient
outcomes.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
18(3), P. 100812 - 100812
Published: April 27, 2023
Biopolymers
are
promising
environmentally
benign
materials
applicable
in
multifarious
applications.
They
especially
favorable
implantable
biomedical
devices
thanks
to
their
excellent
unique
properties,
including
bioactivity,
renewability,
bioresorbability,
biocompatibility,
biodegradability
and
hydrophilicity.
Additive
manufacturing
(AM)
is
a
flexible
intricate
technology,
which
widely
used
fabricate
biopolymer-based
customized
products
structures
for
advanced
healthcare
systems.
Three-dimensional
(3D)
printing
of
these
sustainable
applied
functional
clinical
settings
wound
dressing,
drug
delivery
systems,
medical
implants
tissue
engineering.
The
present
review
highlights
recent
advancements
different
types
biopolymers,
such
as
proteins
polysaccharides,
employed
develop
by
using
extrusion,
vat
polymerization,
laser
inkjet
3D
techniques
addition
normal
bioprinting
four-dimensional
(4D)
techniques.
This
also
incorporates
the
influence
nanoparticles
on
biological
mechanical
performances
3D-printed
scaffolds.
work
addresses
current
challenges
well
future
developments
friendly
polymeric
manufactured
through
AM
Ideally,
there
need
more
focused
research
adequate
blending
biodegradable
biopolymers
achieving
useful
results
targeted
areas.
We
envision
that
composites
have
potential
revolutionize
sector
near
future.
Gels,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
9(2), P. 100 - 100
Published: Jan. 23, 2023
Tissue
damage
and
organ
failure
are
major
problems
that
many
people
face
worldwide.
Most
of
them
benefit
from
treatment
related
to
modern
technology’s
tissue
regeneration
process.
engineering
is
one
the
booming
fields
widely
used
replace
damaged
tissue.
Scaffold
a
base
material
in
which
cells
growth
factors
embedded
construct
substitute
Various
materials
have
been
develop
scaffolds.
Bio-based
natural
biocompatible,
safe,
do
not
release
toxic
compounds
during
biodegradation.
Therefore,
it
highly
recommendable
fabricate
scaffolds
using
such
materials.
To
date,
there
no
singular
fulfill
all
features
scaffold.
Hence,
combining
two
or
more
encouraged
obtain
desired
characteristics.
design
reliable
scaffold
by
different
materials,
need
choose
good
fabrication
technique.
In
this
review
article,
bio-based
fine
techniques
currently
developing
for
applications,
along
with
number
articles
published
on
each
material,
briefly
discussed.
It
envisaged
gain
explicit
knowledge
applications.
Materials & Design,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
231, P. 112064 - 112064
Published: June 7, 2023
Ceramic
bone
implants
have
potential
properties
ideal
for
long-term
implantation
applications.
On
comparison
with
other
materials,
ceramic
biomaterials
advantages
such
as
biocompatibility,
low
cost,
osteoconductivity,
osteoinductivity,
corrosion
resistance,
and
can
be
made
into
various
shapes
desired
surface
properties.
Among
transplantation
surgeries,
is
the
second
largest
in
globe
after
blood
transfusion
which
an
indication
rising
hope
on
treatment
options
bone.
3D
printing
one
of
most
advanced
fabrication
techniques
to
create
customized
using
materials
ceramics
their
composites.
Developing
scaffolds
that
precisely
recapitulate
mechanical
biological
functions
remains
a
major
challenge.
However,
extensive
research
resulted
successful
complex
bony
designs
>50%
porosity
cortical
This
review
critically
analyses
use
fabricate
scaffolds.
Further,
natural
synthetic
producing
are
discussed
along
clinical
Finally,
list
companies
offer
printed
future
translation
outlined.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(13), P. 2762 - 2762
Published: June 21, 2023
Hydrogels
are
versatile
biomaterials
characterized
by
three-dimensional,
cross-linked,
highly
hydrated
polymeric
networks.
These
polymers
exhibit
a
great
variety
of
biochemical
and
biophysical
properties,
which
allow
for
the
diffusion
diverse
molecules,
such
as
drugs,
active
ingredients,
growth
factors,
nanoparticles.
Meanwhile,
these
can
control
chemical
molecular
interactions
at
cellular
level.
The
network
be
molded
into
different
structures,
imitating
structural
characteristics
surrounding
tissues
bone
defects.
Interestingly,
application
hydrogels
in
tissue
engineering
(BTE)
has
been
gathering
significant
attention
due
to
beneficial
improvement
results
that
have
achieved.
Moreover,
essential
clinical
osteoblastic
fate-controlling
advances
achieved
with
use
synthetic
production
hydrogels.
However,
current
trends
look
towards
fabricating
from
biological
precursors,
biopolymers,
high
biocompatibility,
degradability,
mechanical
regulated.
Therefore,
this
review
analyzes
concept
chitosan,
collagen,
gelatin
excellent
candidates
BTE
scaffolds.
changes
opportunities
brought
on
biopolymers
regeneration
discussed,
considering
integration,
synergy,
biocompatibility
features.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
36(34)
Published: June 11, 2024
The
repair
and
functional
reconstruction
of
bone
defects
resulting
from
severe
trauma,
surgical
resection,
degenerative
disease,
congenital
malformation
pose
significant
clinical
challenges.
Bone
tissue
engineering
(BTE)
holds
immense
potential
in
treating
these
defects,
without
incurring
prevalent
complications
associated
with
conventional
autologous
or
allogeneic
grafts.
3D
printing
technology
enables
control
over
architectural
structures
at
multiple
length
scales
has
been
extensively
employed
to
process
biomimetic
scaffolds
for
BTE.
In
contrast
inert
grafts,
next-generation
smart
possess
a
remarkable
ability
mimic
the
dynamic
nature
native
extracellular
matrix
(ECM),
thereby
facilitating
regeneration.
Additionally,
they
can
generate
tailored
controllable
therapeutic
effects,
such
as
antibacterial
antitumor
properties,
response
exogenous
and/or
endogenous
stimuli.
This
review
provides
comprehensive
assessment
progress
3D-printed
BTE
applications.
It
begins
an
introduction
physiology,
followed
by
overview
technologies
utilized
scaffolds.
Notable
advances
various
stimuli-responsive
strategies,
efficacy,
applications
are
discussed.
Finally,
highlights
existing
challenges
development
implementation
scaffolds,
well
emerging
this
field.
Carbon,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
223, P. 118970 - 118970
Published: Feb. 26, 2024
Hydrogel-integrated
graphene
superstructures
(GSSs)
represent
a
promising
platform
for
applications
in
tissue
engineering
and
regenerative
medicine.
Graphene,
two-dimensional
carbon-based
material,
possesses
remarkable
mechanical,
thermal,
electrical
characteristics,
making
it
strong
candidate
application
biomedicine.
Researchers
have
pursued
the
integration
of
with
hydrogels,
known
their
biocompatibility
ability
to
provide
conducive
environment
cellular
growth,
craft
sophisticated
scaffolds
tailored
needs.
The
hydrogels
enables
construction
3D
frameworks
that
closely
mimic
natural
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
found
biological
tissues.
Hydrogels
furnish
biocompatible,
well-hydrated
environment,
while
component
bolsters
scaffold's
mechanical
integrity
conductivity.
This
amalgamation
enhances
adhesion,
differentiation,
proliferation,
thereby
facilitating
regeneration.
A
notable
advantage
hydrogel-integrated
GSSs
lies
capacity
support
growth
differentiation
variety
cell
types
such
as
PC12,
MG-63,
U-87,
MC3T3-E1
lines.
Overall,
exhibit
great
potential
advancing
biomimetic
combination
unique
properties
development
advanced
scaffold
systems
Further
research
this
domain
will
play
crucial
role
medicine
treatment
various
diseases
injuries.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(3), P. 367 - 367
Published: Jan. 29, 2024
Poly(methyl
methacrylate)
(PMMA)
is
widely
used
in
orthopedic
applications,
including
bone
cement
total
joint
replacement
surgery,
fillers,
and
substitutes
due
to
its
affordability,
biocompatibility,
processability.
However,
the
regeneration
efficiency
of
PMMA
limited
because
lack
bioactivity,
poor
osseointegration,
non-degradability.
The
use
also
has
disadvantages
such
as
methyl
methacrylate
(MMA)
release
high
exothermic
temperature
during
polymerization
PMMA,
which
can
cause
thermal
necrosis.
To
address
these
problems,
various
strategies
have
been
adopted,
surface
modification
techniques
incorporation
bioactive
agents
biopolymers
into
PMMA.
In
this
review,
physicochemical
properties
synthesis
methods
are
discussed,
with
a
special
focus
on
utilization
composites
tissue
engineering.
Additionally,
challenges
involved
incorporating
regenerative
medicine
discussed
suitable
research
findings
intention
providing
insightful
advice
support
successful
clinical
applications.
European Polymer Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
215, P. 113251 - 113251
Published: June 19, 2024
Meeting
the
escalating
demands
in
biomedical
applications
has
spurred
creation
of
diverse
scaffolds,
where
selection
materials
and
manufacturing
techniques
stands
as
a
linchpin
fostering
bone
tissue
formation.
These
scaffolds
provide
fundamental
structural
framework
that
supports
cell
growth
differentiation.
It
is
vital
for
repair,
addressing
various
biological
requisites
such
biocompatibility,
biodegradability,
mechanical
properties
becomes
imperative.
This
comprehensive
review
discusses
recent
advancements
3D
tailored
specifically
engineering
applications.
Stereolithography,
fused
deposition
modelling,
selective
laser
sintering,
binder
jetting,
electron
beam
melting,
bioprinting
(including
laser-based,
inkjet
extrusion
bioprinting)
are
meticulously
explored.
Focusing
on
their
respective
applications,
limitations,
well
advantages
disadvantages
within
context
regeneration.
Furthermore,
article
underscores
pivotal
role
material
potential
solution
to
address
challenges
associated
with
grafts.
emphasizes
need
nuanced
understanding
significant
considerations
regardless
type
when
designing
or
evaluating
suitability
integration
into
expansive
realm
engineering.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(7), P. 3836 - 3836
Published: March 29, 2024
Presently,
millions
worldwide
suffer
from
degenerative
and
inflammatory
bone
joint
issues,
comprising
roughly
half
of
chronic
ailments
in
those
over
50,
leading
to
prolonged
discomfort
physical
limitations.
These
conditions
become
more
prevalent
with
age
lifestyle
factors,
escalating
due
the
growing
elderly
populace.
Addressing
these
challenges
often
entails
surgical
interventions
utilizing
implants
or
grafts,
though
treatments
may
entail
complications
such
as
pain
tissue
death
at
donor
sites
for
along
immune
rejection.
To
surmount
challenges,
engineering
has
emerged
a
promising
avenue
injury
repair
reconstruction.
It
involves
use
different
biomaterials
development
three-dimensional
porous
matrices
scaffolds,
alongside
osteoprogenitor
cells
growth
factors
stimulate
natural
regeneration.
This
review
compiles
methodologies
that
can
be
used
develop
are
important
replacement
Biomaterials
orthopedic
implants,
several
scaffold
types
production
methods,
well
techniques
assess
biomaterials’
suitability
human
use—both
laboratory
settings
within
living
organisms—are
discussed.
Even
researchers
have
had
some
success,
there
is
still
room
improvements
their
processing
techniques,
especially
ones
make
scaffolds
mechanically
stronger
without
weakening
biological
characteristics.
Bone
therefore
area
rise
bone-related
injuries.