The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: April 23, 2021

Abstract The use of exosomes in clinical settings is progressively becoming a reality, as trials testing for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are generating remarkable interest from the scientific community investors. Exosomes small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles health disease transferring cellular cargoes such functional proteins, metabolites nucleic acids to recipient cells. An in-depth understanding exosome biology therefore essential ensure development based investigational products. Here we summarise most up-to-date knowkedge about complex biological journey biogenesis secretion, transport uptake their intracellular signalling. We delineate major pathways molecular players that influence each step physiology, highlighting routes interest, which will be benefit manipulation engineering. highlight main controversies field research: adequate definition, characterisation at plasma membrane. also common identified pitfalls affecting research development. Unravelling physiology key ultimate progression towards applications.

Language: Английский

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Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 128(7), P. 2657 - 2669

Published: May 13, 2018

Countless times each day, the acute inflammatory response protects us from invading microbes, injuries, and insults within, as in surgery-induced tissue injury. These challenges go unnoticed because they are self-limited naturally resolve without progressing to chronic inflammation. Peripheral blood markers of inflammation present many common diseases, including bowel disease, cardiovascular neurodegenerative cancer. While is protective, excessive swarming neutrophils amplifies collateral damage Hence, understanding mechanisms that control resolution provides insight into preventing treating diseases multiple organs. This Review focuses on phase with identification specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) involve three separate biosynthetic potent mediator families, which defined using first quantitative indices score this vital process. resolvins, protectins, maresins: bioactive metabolomes stimulate innate responses, enhance microbial killing clearance, organ-protective. We briefly address biosynthesis SPMs their activation endogenous programs terrain for new therapeutic approaches not, by definition, immunosuppressive, but rather immunoresolvent therapies.

Language: Английский

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Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)

European Journal of Immunology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 49(10), P. 1457 - 1973

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

These guidelines are a consensus work of considerable number members the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide theory key practical aspects enabling immunologists to avoid common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there comprehensive sections all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine human cells. The latest techniques applications also described, featuring examples data can be generated and, importantly, how analysed. Furthermore, tips, tricks pitfalls avoid, written peer-reviewed by leading experts field, making this an essential research companion.

Language: Английский

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Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: March 26, 2018

Abstract Microglia are highly motile glial cells that proposed to mediate synaptic pruning during neuronal circuit formation. Disruption of signaling between microglia and neurons leads an excess immature connections, thought be the result impaired phagocytosis synapses by microglia. However, until now direct has not been reported fundamental questions remain about precise structures phagocytic mechanisms involved. Here we used light sheet fluorescence microscopy follow microglia–synapse interactions in developing organotypic hippocampal cultures, complemented a 3D ultrastructural characterization using correlative electron (CLEM). Our findings define set dynamic interactions, including selective partial phagocytosis, or trogocytosis ( trogo -: nibble), presynaptic induction postsynaptic spine head filopodia These allow us propose mechanism for facilitatory role remodeling maturation.

Language: Английский

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Understanding nanoparticle endocytosis to improve targeting strategies in nanomedicine

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 50(9), P. 5397 - 5434

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention in various fields, such as cosmetics, the food industry, material design, and nanomedicine. In particular, fast-moving field of nanomedicine takes advantage features NPs for detection treatment different types cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, arthritis well neurodegenerative gastrointestinal diseases. To this end, a detailed understanding NP uptake mechanisms by cells intracellular localization is essential safe efficient therapeutic applications. first part review, we describe several endocytic pathways involved internalization discuss impact physicochemical properties on process. addition, potential challenges using inhibitors, markers genetic approaches to study endocytosis are addressed along with principal (semi) quantification methods uptake. The second focuses synthetic bio-inspired substances, which can stimulate or decrease cellular NPs. This approach could be interesting where high accumulation drugs target desirable clearance immune avoided. review contributes an improved reveals used improve delivery.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of Organ Injury and Repair by Macrophages

Annual Review of Physiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 79(1), P. 593 - 617

Published: Dec. 13, 2016

Macrophages regulate tissue regeneration following injury. They can worsen injury by producing reactive oxygen species and other toxic mediators that disrupt cell metabolism, induce apoptosis, exacerbate ischemic However, they also produce a variety of growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF-α, TGF-β, Wnt proteins epithelial endothelial proliferation, myofibroblast activation, stem progenitor differentiation, angiogenesis. Proresolving macrophages in turn restore homeostasis functioning anti-inflammatory cells, macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases fibrin collagen turnover. dysregulated macrophage function impairs wound healing contributes to the development fibrosis. Consequently, mechanisms these different activation states have become active areas research. In this review, we discuss common unique which instruct repair liver, nervous system, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, intestine illustrate how might be exploited therapeutically.

Language: Английский

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A Network of Macrophages Supports Mitochondrial Homeostasis in the Heart

Cell, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 183(1), P. 94 - 109.e23

Published: Sept. 15, 2020

Language: Английский

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Tissue macrophages: heterogeneity and functions

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: June 29, 2017

Macrophages are present in all vertebrate tissues, from mid-gestation throughout life, constituting a widely dispersed organ system. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes defence against microbes clearance of dead senescent cells, but also through trophic, regulatory repair functions. In this review, we describe macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity different tissue environments, drawing particular attention organ-specific

Language: Английский

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Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies^*

European Journal of Immunology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 47(10), P. 1584 - 1797

Published: Oct. 1, 2017

The marriage between immunology and cytometry is one of the most stable productive in recent history science. A rapid search PubMed shows that, as July 2017, using "flow immunology" a term yields more than 68 000 articles, first which, interestingly, not about lymphocytes. It might be stated after short engagement, exchange wedding rings officially occurred when idea to link fluorochromes monoclonal antibodies came about. After this, recognizing different types cells became relatively easy feasible only by simple fluorescence microscope, but also complex sometimes esoteric instrument, flow cytometer that able count hundreds single second, can provide repetitive results tireless manner. Given possibility analyse immune phenotypes variety clinical conditions has changed use cytometer, which was incidentally invented late 1960s measure cellular DNA intercalating dyes, such ethidium bromide. epidemics HIV/AIDS 1980s then gave dramatic impulse technology counting specific cells, since it clear quantification number peripheral blood CD4+ T crucial follow course infection, eventually for monitoring therapy. As consequence, development cytometers had easy-to-use all laboratories helped widely disseminate this technology. Nowadays, rare find an immunological paper or read conference abstract authors did main tool dissect system identify its fine functions. Of note, developments have created sophisticated mass cytometry, simultaneously dozens molecules at cell level allows us better understand complexity beauty system. However, moon dark side. strengths technology, i.e. fact often brief training sufficient start producing data, weakness. Indeed, several (too many) papers, eye well-trained cytometrist aspects would need, polite, "little" improvement. Not mention cases technical mistakes are performed, involving, among others, (in)adequate controls, (lack appropriate) compensation, sorting strategies, even description methods used. For reason, editorial team European Journal Immunology feels worthwhile offer our community guidelines correct cytometric techniques field immunology. Thus, starting Congress (ECI 2015) Vienna (Austria) under guidance Professor Andreas Radbruch, we asked colleagues friends, renowned field, contribute sharing their knowledge particular areas expertise, order present collection protocols great interest. Such information includes, suggestions tricks regarding how study phenotypes, type amount produced secreted stimulation population interest, signalling processes, differentiation, proliferation death, cytotoxic activities, cell-cell interactions, activity intracellular organelles mitochondria, response induced against tumours anticancer immunosuppressive drugs, transcription factor activity, soluble molecules, drug uptake, events. Today's challenges involve choice reagents, preparation eventual storage analysis, overall experimental plan and, last least, data analyses. We no longer limited instrumentation, creativity ask critical questions. These "Guidelines studies" thus represent effort collect currently accepted best variation major players (along with functionality) include standards interpretation, well cautions issues. One aspect concerns reproducibility, topic recently attracted considerable attention. Therefore, meant help researchers avoid potential pitfalls could drastically alter interpretation data. While preparing guidelines, feedback received feel should highlighted Introduction. Firstly, "FACS" (fluorescence activated sorting) used Becton Dickinson (BD) technologies BD trademark (FACSTM); general sorting" company agnostic. Secondly, CD mAbs anti-CD (in other words CD1 mAb anti-CD1 mAb, example) This because nomenclature primarily cluster/characterize later describe respective molecules. Thirdly, although comprehensive possible, there naturally limitations e.g. subset antigens shown times, certain reagents/companies examples. opinion efforts must improved—this science works! glad receive from readers comments, new ideas, articles possible future updates Guidelines. Before closing, like thank four people who played role ensuring Radbruch's Andrea Cossarizza's vision reality. Hyun-Dong Chang Ute Hoffman, both DRFZ, Karen Chu, former Associate Editor, Cate Livingstone, Managing Editor Immunology. Together core coordinated author invitations, submission, peer review revision sections proofs, sought incorporated. full invaluable work on project. To accurately optical properties pass through uniformly bright center focused laser beams. Light optics intersection point beams pick up scattered light cells. sensing zone here measurements parameters taken. In stream-in-air sorters, located around 0.3 mm nozzle tip, inside cuvette. purpose fluidic move precisely region liquid stream way each illuminated same lasers. sort capabilities establish break off small uniform droplets. Droplets containing interest charged deflected electric sorting. kind technique Mack J. Fulwyler 1965 Los Alamos National Laboratory 1. needed machine testing performance Coulter counters, so particle separator particles volumes. Len Herzenberg interested living basis fluorescence, he got design plans found little group Stanford University build FACS (see video Inventing Cell Sorter, Lab, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro8P3w9BPhg). precise positioning jet hydrodynamic focusing counters 2. suspension injected thin tubing laminar sheath fluid enters wide into narrow orifice. speeds diameter sample (sample core) decreased (Fig. 1). Crosland-Taylor described Nature 1953 3 device suspended fluid. Some years before 1947, F.T. Gucker similar detecting bacteria air 4. takes place so-called chamber cytometer. detailed optimized sorter patent applications Gerrit van den Engh 5, 6 cuvette another application 7. addition chambers based cytometers, arc lamp source were developed. early standard microscope epi-fluorescence setup. Here lens bring excitation take emission Excitation separated dichroic mirror special filters. With immersion high numerical aperture, stabilized staining protocol, histograms coefficient variations (CVs) lower 1% (0.50–0.7%) achieved 8, 9. technique, aligned precision micrometer. rates increased, however, out focus laser. get illumination. means accuracy lost. loss measurement increases maintain intensity, elliptical spots. Typical sizes spot 60–150 micrometers horizontally 5–20 vertically. Recently, beam shaping flat top introduced manufacturer. intensity profile gaussian 60 100, 150 micrometer diameters Fig. approximation calculation ten times concentration three bigger necessary keep rate. fluid, PBS (phosphate buffered saline) filtered 0.22 0.1 filter compatible species sorted. An acoustic developed Gregory Kaduchak co-workers 2001 11, 12. implemented support focusing. helps increase if cores According manufacturer, acoustic-assisted run samples low concentrations 10 faster compared without still measurements. fundamentals given 13. Based invention Richard Sweet 14, droplet formation vibrations ultrasonic transducer. Little disturbances surface exit orifice generated grow exponentially lead droplets 2, 10. sorted measured moves down breakoff point. During separation jet, voltage pulse jet. So electrons caught cannot go back shut off. static two deflection plates 3). important process right charge droplet. delay charging determined operator electronics. done beads plates. illuminates streams un-deflected direction, camera, observed monitor. observation spots drop brightness maximized minimized. distance controlled held constant. setting fixed during kept constant operator. If velocity works fine, practice always case. Small changes pressure example due partial clogging Timothy Petersen examined problem showed disturb handle 16. Toralf Kaiser temperature alters gives solution stabilizing 17. schematic typical From view detection capable photons wavelengths over dynamic range. achieve range, optics, signal detection, processing units carefully designed. lenses emitted spatial resolution they Furthermore, make collected parallel direct bench detectors. employs collimation lenses. Collection (convex lenses) interrogation either end fiber directly (e.g. aspheric condenser lenses). instruments fibers route detected detectors installed octagon. case ensure routed Inside octagon placed front detector onto photocathode. photocathode lens. photodetectors spectrally broadband therefore unable generate exclusively markers. add specificity, filters mirrors defined manner Optical designed band (BP), long (LP), (SP) mostly common property transmit within spectral BP transmits example, named 660/20, 650 670 nm will photomultiplier tube reflected next set specified configuration. SP block ones whereas LP do opposite meaning below above (LP) wavelength. 660 nm. Due aging, quality coating, contamination, actual parameter differ description. recommended check transmission spectra provided manufacturer dust free. Sometimes (usually silver mirrors) deflect geometrical constructive reasons. >99%, reflective range wavelengths. contrast, deflects wavelength while rest pass-through. effect dependent operating angle. some instruments, dichroics employed working angle 45° others 12.5°. commercial become available spatially dispersing elements instead combination array. rationale behind entire Section I.3: Flow including sorting). element dispersive prism grating. Prisms higher efficiency gratings sensitive polarized light. maybe reason why Sony. Lasers mainly solid-state, continuous wave lasers footprint output power 20 100 mW. coherent sources allow photon density illumination point, efficient energy transfer fluorochrome. Modern equipped seven line ranging 355 flexibility choosing fluorophores. measures biological cell) via photons, needs converted processed amplifier, filter, analog digital converter (ADC), baseline restorer visualize store particles. section, components electronics briefly described. view, related difficult (i) level, (ii) analysis rate, (iii) level. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) meet these requirements almost cytometers. PMTs vacuum photocathode, electron electrodes, series dynodes multiplication. converts photoelectrons multiplied driven 5). Photocathodes made bialkali material determines quantum η PMT, ratio incident photons. 0< <1 function (h*f). PMT (R9220, Hamamatsu) = 0.2 500 0.09 700 reduction sensitivity 7 dB. PE-Cy7 less FITC, example. many applications, increasingly being replaced, avalanche photodiodes efficiency. instrument (CytoFlex, Beckman Coulter) APDs improve >700 18. All amplifiers analogue hardware devices very optimal noise ratios (SNRs). SNR >86 Once signals pre-amplifiers, amplifier suitable ADC modern conversion discrete values ADCs sampling frequency resolution. required (DNR) stained unstained brighter DNR 4 log 80 dB (DNR[dB]=20log(104)). ideal by: 6.02*N + 1.76 19. theory N 14 bit 86.04 practice, effective bits is, distortion circuit, decibels theoretical value AD9240AS Diva electronic 78.5 20). limits decades importantly, shrinks dim signals. MHz 30 per speed (pulse length μs). peak error 1–2% 21. 16 250 >4 <0.1%. domain filters, restorer, height, width algorithms, trigger Filtering smoothen raw SNR. resulting consists unwanted DC part scatter (among others) AC part. Hence, subtracted restorers attempts zero. practise restoring perfect negative histogram axis introduce slight increased CV restoring, (height, width, area) extracted *.fcs file. Taken together, algorithms need adjusted maximize DNR. Since prototype Fluorescence Activated Sorter 1968 University, powerful analyze individual functional status. Moreover, provides robust statistic thousands detect events 10–4 uptake multi-well acquisition rate second. decreases increasing cell. Alternatively, AttuneNXT (ThermoFisher) uses keeping tight accurate much throughput. serial multiple automated high-throughput platforms (HyperCyt®). Today, 27 bio-markers Typically markers fluorescently tagged antibodies, molecular sensors, genetically encoded reporters. instance, FACSymphony™ (Becton Dickinson) technically 50 achievable moment appropriate fluorescent dyes limited. Technical maximum detectable overlap tags, channel correlated marker. overcome tags Currently, 325 tags. tunable life time (FLIMs). photomultipliers diodes convert amplified electrical pulses extract area, length, time. consist basically preamp restoration (ADC). post-processing (i.e. integration, log-transformation) computer software. together SNR) (Q) background (B) detection. Avalanche PMTs. open possibilities long-wave spectra. CytoFLEX (Beckman Within divided division multiplexer (WDM) integrated array enables PE-Cy7. itself unsuitable hence mirrors. chosen multiparameter experiment, experiment (markers) analyzed, requires fluorophores simultaneously; consequence spillover III.1: Compensation). Conventional circumvent compensation Compensation) correlate physical Following analyzed multivariate fashion hierarchical gating strategy VI.1: Data analysis—An overview, VI.2: analysis—Automated analysis: Automated identification visualization). essential adapt optical, laser, setup minimize spillover, Q, B reagent IV.2: Titration—Determining concentration), fluorochrome contributes ideally nothing instrument. (the means) blank Q B. characterization Mostly polystyrene (beads) software MACSQuant, Fortessa, Yeti, Cytoflex name just few. Beads say "cell dummies" optimization, setup, counting, scale calibration on. Scale especially useful approach absolute binding photoelectrons) relative mean intensities (MFIs) leads quantitative VII: Cytometric parameters). Beside beads, LED pulses. quantiFlash™ (APE) ultra tool, labs values. Up analytical been can, addition, marker expression downstream (molecular biology, sequ

Language: Английский

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Oct. 30, 2020

In the golden age of pharmaceutical nanocarriers, we are witnessing a maturation stage original concepts and ideas. There is no doubt that nanoformulations extremely valuable tools for drug delivery applications; current challenge how to optimize them ensure they safe, effective scalable, so can be manufactured at an industrial level advance clinical use. this context, lipid nanoparticles have gained ground, since generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible easy-to-produce formulations. Pharmaceutical applications nanocarriers burgeoning field transport diversity therapeutic agents, from biotechnological products small molecules. This review starts with brief overview characteristics solid discusses relevancy performing systematic preformulation studies. The main applications, well advantages type nanovehicles offers in certain scenarios discussed. Next, pharmacokinetic aspects described, such routes administration, absorption after oral distribution organism (including brain penetration) elimination processes. Safety toxicity issues also addressed. Our work presents point view, addressing biopharmaceutical these by means descriptive statistics state-of-the-art research. All presented results, trends, graphs discussions based (and reproducible) bibliographic search considered only papers subject, covering 7 years range (2013-today), period accounts more than 60% total number publications topic databases engines. Focus was placed on fields application, processes efforts translation into practice lipid-based nanoparticles. For this, currently active trials were reviewed, discussion what achievements or milestones still reached, way understanding reasons scarce undergoing trials.

Language: Английский

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