Acute Toxicity of the Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone to Four Fishes of Commercial, Cultural, and Ecological Importance

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(4), P. 333 - 338

Published: March 2, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), a transformation product of the rubber tire antioxidant 6PPD, has recently been identified as chemical responsible for urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon, with median lethal concentration (LC50) <0.1 μg/L. Subsequent studies have failed to confirm comparable sensitivity other fish species. Here, we investigated acute toxicity 6PPD-quinone rainbow trout, brook Arctic char, and white sturgeon. Fish were exposed under static renewal conditions, exposure concentrations verified analytically. Mortalities trout occurred between 1.2 20 h, while mortalities began after 7 h spanned 60 trout. The LC50s (24 h) (72 0.59 1.00 μg/L, respectively. Both species showed characteristic symptoms (increased ventilation, gasping, spiraling, loss equilibrium) shortly before death. No observed either char or sturgeon 96 at measured high 14.2 This is first study demonstrate fishes commercial, cultural, ecological importance environmentally relevant provides urgently needed information environmental risk assessments this contaminant emerging concern.

Language: Английский

---

First Report on the Occurrence of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-Quinone as Pervasive Pollutants in Human Urine from South China

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(12), P. 1056 - 1062

Published: Nov. 21, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone derivative, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), have been found to be prevalent in the environment, but there are currently no data on their presence humans. Herein, we conducted first human biomonitoring study of 6PPD 6PPD-Q by measuring 150 urine samples collected from three different populations (general adults, children, pregnant women) South China. Both were detected samples, with detection frequencies between 60% 100%. Urinary concentrations significantly higher than those correlated well (p < 0.01), indicating coexposure In vitro metabolic experiments demonstrated rapid depletion liver microsomes, which should responsible for lower urine. Additionally, women exhibited apparently (median 0.068 2.91 ng/mL, respectively) did adults (0.018 0.40 ng/mL) children (0.015 0.076 ng/mL). The high daily urinary excretion was estimated 273 (ng/kg bw)/day. Considering that a lethal toxicant multiple aquatic species, potential health risks posed long-term exposure require urgent attention.

Language: Английский

---

Oral exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone induce hepatotoxicity in mice

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 869, P. 161836 - 161836

Published: Jan. 28, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Widespread Occurrence and Transport of p-Phenylenediamines and Their Quinones in Sediments across Urban Rivers, Estuaries, Coasts, and Deep-Sea Regions

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(6), P. 2393 - 2403

Published: Jan. 31, 2023

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in tire rubber, and their derived quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs) may pose a threat to marine ecosystems. A compelling example is N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-derived quinone, called 6PPD-Q, the causal toxicant for stormwater-linked acute mortality toward coho salmon. However, knowledge of co-occurrences PPDs PPD-Qs transport from freshwater oceanic waterbodies on large geographical scale remains unknown. Herein, we performed first large-scale survey these chemicals sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, deep-sea regions. Our results demonstrated that seven four ubiquitously present riverine, estuarine, coastal sediments, most them also occur sediments. The dominant concern were identified 6PPD 6PPD-Q. Total sedimentary concentrations presented clear spatial trend with decreasing levels rivers (medians: 39.7 15.2 ng/g) estuaries (14.0 5.85 then coasts (9.47 2.97 regions (5.24 3.96 ng/g). Interestingly, variation ratios 6PPD-Q (R6PPD/6PPD-Q) trend. field measurements implied riverine outflows be an important route rubber-derived open oceans.

Language: Английский

---

Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system

Environment International, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 171, P. 107715 - 107715

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

Tire wear particles (TWPs) enter road surface with the friction between tires and surfaces. Under volatilization, leaching, transformation action on TWPs by sunlight rain, tire additives are released into urban water systems, such as rainfall runoff, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), receiving waters, drinking plant (DWTP). In this study, we investigated occurrence of 23 their products in system Pearl River Delta region, South China. Nineteen target compounds were detected 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) showing highest maximum concentration 58780 ng/L. Benzothiazole its at frequency 100 % total concentrations 480-42160 The antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was also up to 1562 ng/L, which considerably higher than that parent compound 6PPD (the 7.52 ng/L). Eleven 8 WWTPs influents effluents, respectively, removal rates - 62-100 %. Seventeen Zhujiang Dongjiang rivers, while 9 sources DWTP samples. Road 79200 is suggested main non-point source for effluents point due incomplete after accepting initial runoff. 6PPD-Q other 10 displayed median high ecological risks human daily intake estimated be 2.63 ×

Language: Английский

---

Beyond Substituted p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants: Prevalence of Their Quinone Derivatives in PM_2.5

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(15), P. 10629 - 10637

Published: July 14, 2022

Substituted para-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants have been extensively used to retard oxidative degradation of tire rubber and were found pervade multiple environmental compartments. However, there is a paucity research on the occurrences their transformation products. In this study, we revealed co-occurrence six PPD-derived quinones (PPD-Qs) along with eight PPDs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from two Chinese megacities, which N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine quinone (77PD-Q) was identified quantified for first time. Prevalent these emerging PPD-Qs Taiyuan (5.59–8480 pg/m3) Guangzhou (3.61–4490 pg/m3). Significantly higher levels PPDs/PPD-Qs observed at roadside site, implying possible contribution vehicle emissions. Correlation analysis implied potential consistencies fate suggested that most them originated parent PPDs. For different subpopulation groups under exposure scenarios, estimated daily intakes (0.16–1.25 ng kgbw–1 day–1) comparable those (0.19–1.41 day–1), suggesting an important but overlooked caused by novel PPD-Qs. Given prolonged derivatives traffic-relevant occupations, further investigations toxicological epidemiological effects are necessary.

Language: Английский

---

Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 452, P. 131245 - 131245

Published: March 21, 2023

Language: Английский

---

The Tire-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone Is Lethally Toxic to the White-Spotted Char Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius but Not to Two Other Salmonid Species

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(12), P. 1050 - 1055

Published: Nov. 7, 2022

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone, also known as 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), was recently identified the toxic chemical that causes acute mortality in coho salmon following exposure to urban road runoff. Subsequent studies found there were large differences sensitivity 6PPD-Q (>100-fold) even among salmonid species. Here we performed 96 h toxicity tests of with three species (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius, Salvelinus curilus, and Oncorhynchus masou masou) lethally S. pluvius a 24 median lethal concentration (LC50) 0.51 μg/L but not other two at environmentally relevant concentrations (<3.8 μg/L). In addition, measured suspected monohydroxylated metabolite brain gill tissues for The internal (ILC50) estimated be 4.0 μg/kg wet weight 6.2 while tissue surviving exceeded ILC50 values pluvius. These results suggest might affected by toxicodynamic factors well toxicokinetics.

Language: Английский

---

Widespread N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine Quinone in Size-Fractioned Atmospheric Particles and Dust of Different Indoor Environments

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(5), P. 420 - 425

Published: April 25, 2022

Transformed from the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), emerging toxicant 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) has received extensive attention because of its potential toxic effects. However, evidence on size distribution patterns atmospheric particles and environmental occurrence remains limited. We determined 6-PPDQ pollution levels in eight size-segregated (0.43–10 μm) four waste recycling plants dust samples six typical indoor compartments South China. tended to accumulate coarse (9–10 with highest concentrations (7.78–23.2 pg m–3). Model simulations revealed that deposition efficiency (flux) particle-bound were 89%–91% (10.8–39.1 h–1), 3.2%–3.8% (0.45–1.64 6.0%–6.9% (0.80–2.85 h–1) workers' head airways, tracheobronchial, pulmonary alveoli areas respiratory tracts, respectively. The matrix was not main carrier 6-PPDQ, lower multiple environments than those suspended air particles. In-vehicle rubber-related places seemed be most polluted by this ozone-initiated quinone. Our study further enriches knowledge ubiquitous distributions 6-PPDQ. Additional toxicity experiments should conducted using based high exposure risk for humans upper tract via inhalation.

Language: Английский

---

Chiral perspective evaluations: Enantioselective hydrolysis of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in water and enantioselective toxicity to Gobiocypris rarus and Oncorhynchus mykiss

Environment International, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 166, P. 107374 - 107374

Published: June 27, 2022

As a ubiquitous tire antidegradant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is persistently released into the environment. It highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and its transformation product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), "very toxic" Oncorhynchus kisutch at median lethal concentration (LC50) of < 0.1 ng/mL. Notably, 6PPD 6PPD-Q are chiral compounds. Here, enantioselective evaluations, including hydrolysis acute toxicity were conducted after preparing enantiomer, confirming enantiomer absolute configuration establishing enantioseparation methods. In experiments, products 6PPD-Q, phenol, 4-[(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amino]- (4-DBAP) 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) detected. different water solutions, 4-DBAP 4-HDPA was very fast (0.87-107 h), while half-lives (12.8-16.3 d) significantly longer than (4.83-64.1 h). At enantiomeric level, no conversion occurred. R-6PPD generated R-6PPD-Q, S-6PPD S-6PPD-Q, formation rate S-6PPD-Q 1.77 times faster R-6PPD-Q. terms toxicity, China-specific Gobiocypris rarus (LC50, 162-201 ng/mL), it had difference. 1.66-4.31 ng/mL) mykiss, which commercial importance, toxicities rac-6PPD-Q 1.9 2.6 higher Furthermore, concentrations R-6PPD-Q in solutions LC50 values O. species-specific, should raise concern. These results provide important information for environmental risk assessments especially from perspective enantiomers.

Language: Английский

---