The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 17(10), P. 652 - 666

Published: Sept. 19, 2016

Language: Английский

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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 49, P. 146 - 169

Published: March 15, 2018

Stress can influence health throughout the lifespan, yet there is little agreement about what types and aspects of stress matter most for human disease. This in part because “stress” not a monolithic concept but rather, an emergent process that involves interactions between individual environmental factors, historical current events, allostatic states, psychological physiological reactivity. Many these processes alone have been labeled as “stress.” science would be further advanced if researchers adopted common conceptual model incorporates epidemiological, affective, psychophysiological perspectives, with more precise language describing measures. We articulate integrative working model, highlighting how stressor exposures across life course habitual responding reactivity, behaviors interact stress. offer Typology articulating timescales measurement – acute, event-based, daily, chronic dimensions measurement.

Language: Английский

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Beyond Cumulative Risk

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 239 - 245

Published: Aug. 1, 2016

Children who have experienced environmental adversity-such as abuse, neglect, or poverty-are more likely to develop physical and mental health problems, perform poorly at school, difficulties in social relationships than children not encountered adversity. What is less clear how why adverse early experiences exert such a profound influence on children's development. Identifying developmental processes that are disrupted by environments the key developing better intervention strategies for Yet, much existing research relies cumulative risk approach unlikely reveal these mechanisms. This tallies number of distinct adversities create score. score fails distinguish between types experience, implicitly assuming very different development through same underlying We advance an alternative model. novel conceptualizes adversity along dimensions, emphasizes central role learning mechanisms, distinguishes forms might ways. A advantage this mechanisms provide targets interventions aimed preventing negative outcomes

Language: Английский

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Why Social Relationships Are Important for Physical Health: A Systems Approach to Understanding and Modifying Risk and Protection

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 69(1), P. 437 - 458

Published: Oct. 16, 2017

Social relationships are adaptive and crucial for survival. This review presents existing evidence indicating that our social connections to others have powerful influences on health longevity lacking connection qualifies as a risk factor premature mortality. A systems perspective is presented framework by which move into the realm of public health. Individuals, health-relevant biological processes, exist within larger contexts including family, neighborhood community, society culture. Applying ecological model, this highlights interrelationships individuals groups in terms understanding both causal mechanisms physical ways influence can inform potential intervention strategies. approach also helps identify gaps current may guide future research.

Language: Английский

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Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review

Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 277 - 312

Published: Dec. 13, 2019

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of neurodevelopment—the dimensional model stress acceleration model—in a systematic review 109 studies using MRI-based measures neural structure function in children adolescents. Consistent with model, exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampal volume heightened amygdala activation majority studies; these patterns were not observed consistently deprivation. In contrast, altered frontoparietal regions deprivation but threat. Evidence for accelerated development amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited other metrics neurodevelopment. Progress charting neurodevelopmental consequences requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, more precise assessments adversity.

Language: Английский

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Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life

BMJ, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. m3048 - m3048

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

The prevalence of "toxic stress" and huge downstream consequences in disease, suffering, financial costs make prevention early intervention crucial, say Charles A Nelson colleagues

Language: Английский

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Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications

BMC Medicine, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: July 10, 2017

Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic community violence, have been associated epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, psychiatric illnesses. Additional work has shed light on the potential molecular mechanisms by which adversity becomes “biologically embedded” altered physiology across body systems. This review surveys evidence calls researchers, clinicians, policymakers, other practitioners to act upon evidence. Childhood wide-ranging effects neural, endocrine, immune, metabolic physiology. Molecular broadly implicate disruption central neural networks, neuroendocrine dysregulation, chronic inflammation, among changes. Physiological predisposes individuals common diseases life course. Reviewed important implications for clinical practice, biomedical research, sectors relevant public health wellbeing. Warranted changes include screening children adults, scale-up effective interventions, policy advocacy, ongoing research develop new evidence-based response strategies.

Language: Английский

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An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 371(1708), P. 20160011 - 20160011

Published: Oct. 11, 2016

In this paper, we integrate recent theoretical and empirical developments in predictive coding active inference accounts of interoception (including the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model) with working hypotheses from theory constructed emotion to propose a biologically plausible unified mind that places metabolism energy regulation (i.e. allostasis), as well sensory consequences interoception), at its core. We then consider implications approach for understanding depression. speculate depression is disorder allostasis, whose myriad symptoms result 'locked in' brain relatively insensitive context. conclude brief discussion ways our might reveal new insights treatment depression.This article part themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition mental health'.

Language: Английский

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Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology

Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 45(3), P. 361 - 382

Published: Feb. 5, 2016

Despite long-standing interest in the influence of adverse early experiences on mental health, systematic scientific inquiry into childhood adversity and developmental outcomes has emerged only recently. Existing research amply demonstrated that exposure to is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms youth psychopathology. In contrast, knowledge mechanisms linking onset psychopathology-and whether those are general or specific particular kinds adversity-remains cursory. Greater understanding these pathways identification protective factors buffer children from disruptions following essential guide development interventions prevent psychopathology experiences. This article provides recommendations future this area. particular, use a consistent definition adversity, integration studies typical focused distinct dimensions environmental experience differentially required uncover explain how numerous (i.e., multifinality) identify moderators shape divergent trajectories A transdiagnostic model highlights emotional processing poor executive functioning as key presented starting point endeavour. Distinguishing between needed generate empirically informed long-term consequences environments children's development.

Language: Английский

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Early Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 177 - 196

Published: Sept. 3, 2015

Language: Английский

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