Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review

Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 277 - 312

Published: Dec. 13, 2019

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of neurodevelopment—the dimensional model stress acceleration model—in a systematic review 109 studies using MRI-based measures neural structure function in children adolescents. Consistent with model, exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampal volume heightened amygdala activation majority studies; these patterns were not observed consistently deprivation. In contrast, altered frontoparietal regions deprivation but threat. Evidence for accelerated development amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited other metrics neurodevelopment. Progress charting neurodevelopmental consequences requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, more precise assessments adversity.

Language: Английский

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Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire

Child Abuse & Neglect, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 102, P. 104361 - 104361

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience

BMC Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: April 1, 2020

Abstract Background Transdiagnostic processes confer risk for multiple types of psychopathology and explain the co-occurrence different disorders. For this reason, transdiagnostic provide ideal targets early intervention treatment. Childhood trauma exposure is associated with elevated virtually all commonly occurring forms psychopathology. We articulate a model developmental mechanisms that strong links between childhood as well protective factors promote resilience against Main body present spanning three broad domains: social information processing, emotional accelerated biological aging. Changes in processing prioritize threat-related information—such heightened perceptual sensitivity to threat, misclassification negative neutral emotions anger, attention biases towards cues—have been consistently observed children who have experienced trauma. Patterns common exposed include reactivity stimuli, low awareness, difficulties learning emotion regulation. More recently, pattern aging across metrics, including pubertal development cellular aging, has found trauma-exposed children. Although these changes responding, pace reflect adaptations may safety other benefits raised dangerous environments, they emergence internalizing externalizing link Children higher levels support, particularly from caregivers, are less likely develop following exposure. Caregiver buffering be one mechanism explaining effect. Conclusion powerful factor development. serve linking These represent critical interventions aimed at preventing

Language: Английский

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Annual Research Review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 59(4), P. 327 - 346

Published: July 17, 2017

Background Research on early adversity, stress biology, and child development has grown exponentially in recent years. Findings We review the current evidence for hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical ( HPA ) axis as a stress‐mediating mechanism between various forms of childhood adversity psychopathology. begin with neurobiology relations adversity– activity activity–psychopathology, well discuss role regulatory mechanisms sensitive periods development. Conclusions call attention to critical gaps literature highlight next steps this research including focus developmental timing, sex differences, buffering, epigenetic regulation. A better understanding individual differences axis–psychopathology associations will require continued work addressing how multiple biological behavioral systems concert shape

Language: Английский

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Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 372 - 384

Published: April 28, 2021

Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability material and social resources, is one strongest predictors lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only outcome but also pace brain development. We argue higher protracted structural development prolonged trajectory functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. hypothesize greater exposure chronic stress accelerates maturation, whereas access novel positive decelerates maturation. discuss impact variation on plasticity learning. provide generative theoretical framework catalyse future basic science translational research environmental influences Evidence suggests can its rate. Tooley, Bassett Mackey this suggest valence frequency early interact influence

Language: Английский

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Early Adversity and Critical Periods: Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Violating the Expectable Environment

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43(3), P. 133 - 143

Published: Feb. 12, 2020

Language: Английский

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Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychological Bulletin, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 146(9), P. 721 - 764

Published: Aug. 3, 2020

Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and systematic review testing the hypothesis ELA involving threat (e.g., violence exposure) will be associated with accelerated biological aging across multiple metrics, whereas deprivation neglect, institutional rearing) low-socioeconomic status (SES) not. meta-analyze 54 studies (n = 116,010) examining associations of pubertal timing cellular (telomere length DNA methylation age), systematically 25 3,253) neural markers development (cortical thickness amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity) evaluate whether vary according nature experienced. overall was (d -0.10) -0.21), but these varied by type. Moderator analysis revealed characterized -0.26) -0.43), SES were unrelated development. Systematic between cortical thinning, threat-related consistently thinning in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal, default, visual networks. There no consistent association amygdala-PFC connectivity. These findings suggest specificity types environmental experiences highlight importance evaluating how contributes health disparities process can mitigated through intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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Early life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

Abstract Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as adversity, childhood trauma, or life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse effects on development. However, while linked negative number neural systems, the specific mechanisms through which influences development and individual differences children’s outcomes are still not well understood. Main text The current paper reviews existing literature neurobiological their ties psychological behavioral Conclusions Early persistent pervasive prefrontal–hypothalamic–amygdala dopaminergic circuits that at least partially mediated by alterations hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function. date, this research primarily utilized methods assessment focus solely event exposures. Incorporating factors influence interpretation stressors, along stressful events, potential provide further insight into contributing neurodevelopmental stress. This can aid elucidating these changes contribute risk for psychopathology health disorders.

Language: Английский

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Practitioner Review: Twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores – Advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 61(2), P. 116 - 130

Published: Oct. 14, 2019

Adverse childhood experience (ACE) scores have become a common approach for considering adversities and are highly influential in public policy clinical practice. Their use is also controversial. Other ways of measuring adversity - examining single adversities, or using theoretically empirically driven methods might advantages over ACE scores.In this narrative review we critique the conceptualisation measurement ACEs research, practice, health discourse.The score has limitations simplicity: its simplicity facilitates wide-ranging applications policy, settings but risks over-simplistic communication risk/causality, determinism stigma. The other focussing on limited because tend to co-occur. Researchers rapidly accruing datasets facilitate new theoretical empirical approaches work at an early stage, e.g. weighting including severity, frequency, duration timing. More research needed establish what should be included as ACE, how individual weighted, cluster, implications these findings policy. New conceptualising that incorporate knowledge, while maintaining some current questionnaire, could helpful clinicians, practitioners, patients public.Although welcome focus ACEs, more critical view their conceptualisation, measurement, application practice urgently needed.

Language: Английский

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Rethinking Concepts and Categories for Understanding the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Childhood Adversity

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 67 - 93

Published: July 15, 2020

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children’s nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing effective interventions. However, advances in our understanding of these have been constrained by conceptualizations that rely on categories adversity are overlapping, vague boundaries, lack consistent biological evidence. Here, we discuss central problems link between early-life brain development. We conclude suggesting alternative formulations hold promise advancing knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms affects human

Language: Английский

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