The Relationship Between Executive Functions and Academic Performance in Primary Education: Review and Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 11, 2019

The purpose of this study was to research the relationship between executive functions and academic performance in primary education (6-12 years). Based on 21 samples (n = 7,947), a meta-analysis random effects demonstrated moderately significant weighted effect size (r .365) found be good predictor performance. For subjects language mathematics, results model were similar slightly higher for mathematics .350; r .365). Thus, theory that have greater influence mathematical is supported, especially aspects such as coding, organization immediate retrieval information. Regarding different function components (working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning), working memory had highest presence (k 14, n 3,740) predictive weight performance, with an .370 effects, moderate level significance. moderating variables gender age also analyzed. After performing meta-regression, resulted value R² .49; variable not significant. This result important since has traditionally been considered functions. review reveals power stage, it even at early ages, indicating its great significance describing future revealed competencies specific affect way which intervene area, demonstrating mediating physical fitness, motor skills processes.

Language: Английский

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Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 372 - 384

Published: April 28, 2021

Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability material and social resources, is one strongest predictors lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only outcome but also pace brain development. We argue higher protracted structural development prolonged trajectory functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. hypothesize greater exposure chronic stress accelerates maturation, whereas access novel positive decelerates maturation. discuss impact variation on plasticity learning. provide generative theoretical framework catalyse future basic science translational research environmental influences Evidence suggests can its rate. Tooley, Bassett Mackey this suggest valence frequency early interact influence

Language: Английский

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Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychological Bulletin, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 146(9), P. 721 - 764

Published: Aug. 3, 2020

Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and systematic review testing the hypothesis ELA involving threat (e.g., violence exposure) will be associated with accelerated biological aging across multiple metrics, whereas deprivation neglect, institutional rearing) low-socioeconomic status (SES) not. meta-analyze 54 studies (n = 116,010) examining associations of pubertal timing cellular (telomere length DNA methylation age), systematically 25 3,253) neural markers development (cortical thickness amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity) evaluate whether vary according nature experienced. overall was (d -0.10) -0.21), but these varied by type. Moderator analysis revealed characterized -0.26) -0.43), SES were unrelated development. Systematic between cortical thinning, threat-related consistently thinning in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal, default, visual networks. There no consistent association amygdala-PFC connectivity. These findings suggest specificity types environmental experiences highlight importance evaluating how contributes health disparities process can mitigated through intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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Early Experiences of Threat, but Not Deprivation, Are Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging in Children and Adolescents

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 85(3), P. 268 - 278

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Language: Английский

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Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies

Clinical Psychology Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 83, P. 101933 - 101933

Published: Oct. 19, 2020

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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Early life adversity and health‐risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1428(1), P. 151 - 169

Published: July 16, 2018

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least part, by increased engagement health-risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development ways increase likelihood of engaging HRBs. We argue alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well emotional processing, including networks involved processing threat and reward. These changes are psychologically behaviorally heightened reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, emotion regulation, greater delay discounting. then demonstrate these adaptations to risk smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, eating high-fat, high-sugar foods. Furthermore, explore how HRBs affect reinforce addiction further explain clustering

Language: Английский

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Cognitive Stimulation as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status With Executive Function: A Longitudinal Investigation

Child Development, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 91(4)

Published: Oct. 8, 2019

Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds having poorer performance than their higher SES peers. Using observational methods, we investigated stimulation in the home mechanism linking EF. In sample 101 aged 60–75 months, fully mediated SES‐related differences Critically, was positively associated development inhibition flexibility across an 18‐month follow‐up period. Furthermore, EF at T1 explained academic achievement T2. Early stimulation—a modifiable factor—may be desirable target for interventions designed to ameliorate achievement.

Language: Английский

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Assessment of Neighborhood Poverty, Cognitive Function, and Prefrontal and Hippocampal Volumes in Children

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 3(11), P. e2023774 - e2023774

Published: Nov. 3, 2020

Importance

The association between poverty and unfavorable cognitive outcomes is robust, but most research has focused on individual household socioeconomic status (SES). There increasing evidence that neighborhood context explains unique variance not accounted for by SES.

Objective

To evaluate whether (NP) associated with function prefrontal hippocampal brain structure in ways are dissociable from

Design, Setting, Participants

This cross-sectional study used a baseline sample of the ongoing longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. ABCD Study will follow participants assessments each year 10 years. Data were collected at 21 US sites, mostly within urban suburban areas, September 2019 October 2018. School-based recruitment was to create participant reflecting population. analysis conducted March June 2019.

Main Outcomes Measures

NP SES included as factors potentially National Institutes Health Toolbox Battery subtests (dorsolateral cortex [DLPFC], dorsomedial PFC [DMPFC], superior frontal gyrus [SFG]) volumes. Independent variables first considered individually then together mixed-effects models age, sex, intracranial volume covariates. Structural equation modeling (SEM) assess shared task associations. tested hypotheses formulated after data collection.

Results

A total 11 875 children aged 9 years (5678 [47.8%] girls) analyzed. Greater lower scores across all domains (eg, composite: β = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.21 −0.15;P < .001) decreased DLPFC right DLPFC: −0.09; −0.12 −0.07;P .001), DMPFC DMPC: −0.07; −0.09 −0.05;P SFG SFG: −0.05; −0.08 −0.03;P hippocampus (β −0.04; −0.06 −0.01;P .01), even when accounting income. income higher 0.30; 0.28 0.33;P larger regions hippocampus: 0.04; 0.02 0.07;P NP. SEM model good fit domains, being relations language (picture vocabulary: estimate [SE], –0.03 [0.01];P .001; oral reading: –0.02 episodic memory sequence: .008), working (dimensional card sort: flanker inhibitory control: –0.01 .01; list sorting: associations [0.004];P 0.001).

Conclusions Relevance

In this study, volume. These findings demonstrate importance including broader environmental influences conceptualizing early life adversity.

Language: Английский

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Differential Associations of Deprivation and Threat With Cognitive Control and Fear Conditioning in Early Childhood

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: May 8, 2019

Early-life adversity (ELA) is strongly associated with risk for psychopathology. Within adversity, deprivation and threat may lead to psychopathology through different intermediary pathways. Specifically, deprivation, defined as the absence of expected cognitive social inputs, lower performance on complex tasks whereas threatening experiences, presence experiences that reflect harm child, are atypical fear learning emotional processes. However, distinct associations behavioral outcomes have not been examined in early childhood. The present study examines how Children 4-7 years old (N=63) completed assessing control conditioning; were assessed using child interview parent questionnaires. Regression analyses performed including scores controls age, gender IQ. Because this first time these variables childhood, interactions age also examined. Deprivation, but was worse task. Threat, interacted predict learning. Young children who experienced high levels showed evidence measured by differential skin conductance response even at earliest measured. In contrast, exposed threat, emerged only older ages. higher blunted reactivity amplitude reinforced stimuli regardless age. Results suggest influences Future work should examine neural mechanisms underlying changes link increased negative exposure, such

Language: Английский

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