Influenza
A
viruses
present
important
public
health
risks,
with
recent
outbreaks
of
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
H5N1
in
dairy
cattle
raising
concerns
about
potential
transmission
through
raw
milk
consumption.
This
study
investigated
the
persistence
virus
H1N1
PR8
(IAV
PR8)
cow
at
4
°C.
We
found
a
first-order
decay
rate
constant
−2.05
day–1
equivalent
to
T99
2.3
days.
Viral
RNA
remained
detectable
for
least
57
days
no
degradation.
Pasteurization
(63
°C
30
min)
reduced
infectious
undetectable
levels
and
viral
concentrations,
but
reduction
was
less
than
1
log10.
These
findings
highlight
risk
zoonotic
consumption
underscore
importance
pasteurization.
The
prolonged
both
pasteurized
has
implications
food
safety
assessments
environmental
monitoring,
particularly
context
surveillance
viruses.
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
73(37), P. 804 - 809
Published: Sept. 19, 2024
As
part
of
the
response
to
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
A(H5N1)
virus
outbreak
in
U.S.
cattle
and
poultry
associated
human
cases,
CDC
partners
are
monitoring
A
levels
detection
H5
subtype
wastewater.
Among
48
states
District
Columbia
that
performed
testing
wastewater
during
May
12-July
13,
2024,
a
weekly
average
309
sites
38
had
sufficient
data
for
analysis,
11
four
reported
high
virus.
was
conducted
at
203
41
states,
with
detections
24
nine
states.
For
each
or
level,
state
local
health
departments
evaluated
from
other
surveillance
systems
partnered
utilities
agriculture
investigate
potential
sources.
detected
wastewater,
three
corresponding
evidence
activity
systems.
detections,
15
identified
animal
sources
within
sewershed
adjacent
county,
including
eight
milk-processing
inputs.
Data
these
early
investigations
can
help
officials
optimize
use
upcoming
respiratory
illness
season.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
943, P. 173692 - 173692
Published: May 31, 2024
Despite
its
popularity
for
water
activities,
such
as
swimming,
surfing,
fishing,
and
rafting,
inland
coastal
bathing
areas
occasionally
experience
outbreaks
of
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
virus
(HPAI),
including
A(H5N1)
clade
2.3.4.4b.
Asymptomatic
infections
symptomatic
often
impact
many
aquatic
birds,
which
increase
chances
spill-over
events
to
mammals
pose
concerns
public
health.
This
review
examined
the
existing
literature
assess
(AIV)
transmission
risks
beachgoers
general
population.
A
comprehensive
understanding
factors
governing
crossing
AIV
host
range
is
currently
lacking.
There
limited
knowledge
on
key
affecting
risk,
species-specific
interactions
with
cells
(including
binding,
entry,
replication
via
viral
proteins
hemagglutinin,
neuraminidase,
nucleoprotein,
polymerase
basic
protein
2),
overcoming
restrictions,
innate
immune
response.
efficiently
transmits
between
birds
some
extent
marine
scavenger
in
environments
consumption
infected
birds.
However,
current
lacks
evidence
zoonotic
contact
environment
or
contaminated
water.
The
risk
circulating
2.3.4.4b
population
low.
Nevertheless,
it
recommended
avoid
direct
sick
dead
refrain
from
locations
where
mass
bird
mortalities
are
reported.
Increasing
reports
AIVs
spilling
over
non-human
have
raised
valid
about
possible
mutations
that
lead
species
barrier
subsequent
human
outbreaks.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
Abstract
In
2024,
the
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
A
H5N1
caused
outbreaks
in
wild
birds,
poultry,
cows,
and
other
mammals
United
States
with
61
human
cases
also
reported
by
CDC.
Detection
of
H5
RNA
wastewater
has
been
previously
sewersheds
Texas
North
Carolina
nearby
impacted
dairy
herds
following
emergence
cows.
Here,
we
conduct
retrospective
testing
total
hemagglutinin
genes
as
well
presenting
applying
new
assays
for
detection
H1
H3
across
a
respiratory
virus
season
an
urban
California
sewershed
from
September
2023
–
May
2024.
Total
A,
H1,
were
regularly
detected,
while
was
first
detected
March.
We
developed
model
that
uses
Monte
Carlo
simulations
published
parameters
to
estimate
numbers
infected
people,
or
liters
H5-contaminated
milk
required
result
measured
concentrations
wastewater.
Our
findings
demonstrate
this
sewershed,
contaminated
poultry
most
likely
sources
created
publicly
available
tool
apply
input
inputs.
Synopsis
understand
potential
wastewater,
enabling
interpretation
detections.
TOC
figure
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
74(6), P. 102 - 106
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
Wastewater
surveillance
is
an
important
tool
in
the
of
emerging
pathogens
and
has
been
leveraged
during
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5N1)
virus
outbreak
cattle
poultry
United
States.
Interpretation
A(H5)
subtype
detections
wastewater
requires
understanding
human
animal
contributors
to
sewershed
because
current
testing
does
not
distinguish
between
sources.
Potential
include
wild
birds,
farms
with
or
dairy
outbreaks,
processing
facilities.
Retrospective
analysis
551
A
virus-positive
samples
from
20
sites
Oregon
September
15,
2021-July
11,
2024,
revealed
21
across
12
communities.
Avian
began
approximately
6
weeks
before
Oregon's
first
HPAI
domestic
poultry,
7
detection
2
years
States
(Oregon
detected
milk).
No
association
was
found
a
community's
history
among
county
presence
facilities
within
sewershed.
most
frequently
two
communities
bird
habitats.
Animal
inputs,
including
should
be
considered
when
interpreting
wastewater.
Emerging infectious diseases,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
31(13)
Published: March 28, 2025
Highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
A(H5N1)
virus
has
caused
a
multistate
outbreak
among
US
dairy
cattle,
spreading
across
16
states
and
infecting
hundreds
of
herds
since
its
onset.
We
rapidly
developed
optimized
PCR-based
detection
assays
sequencing
protocols
to
support
H5N1
molecular
surveillance.
Using
214
retail
milk
samples
from
20
for
methods
development,
we
found
that
concentrations
by
digital
PCR
strongly
correlated
with
quantitative
cycle
threshold
values;
exhibited
greater
sensitivity.
Metagenomic
after
hybrid
selection
was
best
higher
concentration
samples,
whereas
amplicon
performed
lower
concentrations.
By
establishing
these
methods,
were
able
the
creation
statewide
surveillance
program
perform
monthly
testing
bulk
all
cattle
farms
in
Massachusetts,
USA,
which
remain
negative
date.
The
workflow,
recommendations
described
provide
framework
others
aiming
conduct
efforts.
Scientific Data,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Oct. 17, 2024
We
measured
concentrations
of
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
and
its
variants,
influenza
A
B
viruses,
syncytial
virus,
human
metapneumovirus,
enterovirus
D68,
parainfluenza
types
1,
2,
3,
4a,
4b
in
aggregate,
norovirus
genotype
II,
rotavirus,
Candida
auris,
hepatitis
adenovirus,
mpox
H5
pepper
mild
mottle
virus
nucleic
acids
wastewater
solids
prospectively
at
191
treatment
plants
40
states
across
the
United
States
plus
Washington
DC.
Measurements
were
made
two
to
seven
times
per
week
from
1
January
2022
30
June
2024,
depending
on
plant
staff
availability.
using
droplet
digital
(reverse-transcription-)
polymerase
chain
reaction
(ddRT-PCR)
following
best
practices
for
making
environmental
molecular
biology
measurements.
These
data
can
be
used
better
understand
disease
occurrence
communities
contributing
wastewater.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(15), P. 8550 - 8550
Published: Aug. 5, 2024
Avian
influenza
virus
has
been
long
considered
the
main
threat
for
a
future
pandemic.
Among
possible
avian
subtypes,
A(H5N1)
clade
2.3.4.4b
is
becoming
enzootic
in
mammals,
representing
an
alarming
step
towards
In
particular,
genotype
B3.13
recently
caused
outbreak
US
dairy
cattle.
Since
pandemic
preparedness
largely
based
on
availability
of
prepandemic
candidate
vaccine
viruses,
this
review
we
will
summarize
current
status
enzootics,
and
challenges
H5
manufacturing
delivery.
Microbial Biotechnology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(10)
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Classical
epidemiology
relies
on
incidence,
mortality
rates,
and
clinical
data
from
individual
testing,
which
can
be
challenging
for
many
countries.
Therefore,
innovative,
flexible,
cost-effective,
scalable
surveillance
techniques
are
needed.
Wastewater-based
(WBE)
has
emerged
as
a
highly
powerful
tool
in
this
regard.
WBE
analyses
substances
excreted
human
fluids
faeces
that
enter
the
sewer
system.
This
approach
provides
insights
into
community
health
status
lifestyle
habits.
serves
an
early
warning
system
viral
surveillance,
detecting
emergence
of
new
pathogens,
changes
incidence
identifying
future
trends,
studying
outbreaks,
informing
performance
action
plans.
While
long
been
used
to
study
different
viruses
such
poliovirus
norovirus,
its
implementation
surged
due
pandemic
caused
by
Severe
Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
Coronavirus
2.
led
establishment
wastewater
programmes
at
international,
national,
levels,
remain
operational.
Furthermore,
is
increasingly
applied
other
including
antibiotic
resistance
bacteria,
parasites,
fungi,
emerging
viruses,
with
methodologies
being
developed.
Consequently,
primary
focus
now
creating
international
frameworks
enhance
states'
preparedness
against
risks.
However,
there
remains
considerable
work
done,
particularly
integrating
principles
One
Health
epidemiological
acknowledge
interconnectedness
humans,
animals,
environment
pathogen
transmission.
Thus,
broader
analysing
three
pillars
must
developed,
transitioning
environmental
establishing
routine
practice
public
health.
