Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 99, P. 103381 - 103381

Published: Aug. 28, 2021

Cannabis use is common, especially among young people, and associated with risks for various health harms. Some jurisdictions have recently moved to legalization/regulation pursuing public goals. Evidence-based 'Lower Risk Use Guidelines' (LRCUG) recommendations were previously developed reduce modifiable risk factors of cannabis-related adverse outcomes; related evidence has evolved substantially since. We aimed review new scientific develop comprehensively up-to-date LRCUG, including their recommendations, on this basis. Targeted searches literature (since 2016) main outcomes by the user-individual conducted. Topical areas informed previous LRCUG content expanded upon current evidence. Searches preferentially focused systematic reviews, supplemented key individual studies. The results evidence-graded, topically organized narratively summarized; through an iterative expert consensus development process. A substantial body cannabis use-related harms identified varying quality. Twelve substantive recommendation clusters three precautionary statements developed. In general, suggests that individuals can if they delay onset until after adolescence, avoid high-potency (THC) products high-frequency/-intensity use, refrain from smoking-routes administration. While people are particularly vulnerable harms, other sub-groups (e.g., pregnant women, drivers, older adults, those co-morbidities) advised exercise particular caution risks. Legal/regulated should be used where possible. result in outcomes, mostly higher-risk use. Reducing help offer one targeted intervention component within a comprehensive approach They require effective audience-tailoring dissemination, regular updating as become available, evaluated impact.

Language: Английский

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Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 53(15), P. 7322 - 7328

Published: May 4, 2023

Abstract Background Previous research suggests an increase in schizophrenia population attributable risk fraction (PARF) for cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, sex and age variations CUD suggest the importance of examining differences PARFs subgroups. Methods We conducted a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study including all individuals aged 16–49 at some point during 1972–2021. status was obtained from registers. Hazard ratios (HR), incidence (IRR), were estimated. Joinpoint analyses applied to sex-specific PARFs. Results examined 6 907 859 with 45 327 cases incident follow-up across 129 521 260 person-years. The overall adjusted HR (aHR) on slightly higher among males (aHR = 2.42, 95% CI 2.33–2.52) than females 2.02, 1.89–2.17); however, 16–20-year-olds, IRR (aIRR) more twice that (males: aIRR 3.84, 3.43–4.29; females: 1.81, 1.53–2.15). During 1972–2021, annual average percentage change 4.8 (95% 4.3–5.3; p < 0.0001) 3.2 2.5–3.8; 0.0001). In 2021, males, PARF 15%; females, it around 4%. Conclusions Young might be particularly susceptible effects schizophrenia. At level, assuming causality, one-fifth young prevented by averting CUD. highlight early detection treatment policy decisions regarding access, 16–25-year-olds.

Language: Английский

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Endocannabinoid System Components as Potential Biomarkers in Psychiatry

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: April 27, 2020

The high heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders, leads to a lack diagnostic precision. Therefore, the search biomarkers is fundamental aspect in psychiatry reach more personalized medicine. endocannabinoid system (ECS) has gained increasing interest due its involvement many different functional processes brain, including regulation emotions, motivation and cognition. This article reviews role main components ECS as certain disorders. Studies carried out rodents evaluating effects pharmacological genetic manipulation cannabinoid receptors or endocannabinoids (eCBs) degrading enzymes. Likewise, ECS-related alterations occurring at molecular level animal models reproducing some behavioral and/or neuropathological aspects disorders were reviewed. Clinical studies gene protein post-mortem brain tissue vivo blood, plasma cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples analyzed. Furthermore, results from neuroimaging using positron emission tomography (PET) magnetic resonance (fMRI) included. review shows close receptor 1 (CB1r) stress development mood (anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder (BD)), post-traumatic (PTSD), well etiopathogenesis schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) eating (i.e. anorexia bulimia nervosa). On other hand, recent regarding potential therapeutic action tone by inhibition eCBs enzymes, modulation 2 (CB2r) activity on anxiolytic, antidepressive antipsychotic associated Further clinical research are needed, however, current evidence suggests that may become promising improve, least part, diagnosis treatment

Language: Английский

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Sex differences and the endocannabinoid system in pain

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 202, P. 173107 - 173107

Published: Jan. 13, 2021

Language: Английский

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Sex and Gender Interactions on the Use and Impact of Recreational Cannabis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 509 - 509

Published: Jan. 14, 2020

Cannabis is the second most frequently used substance in world and regulated or legalized for recreational use Canada fourteen US states territories. As with all substances, a wide range of sex gender related factors have an influence on how substances are consumed, their physical, mental social impacts, men women respond to treatment, health promotion, policies. Given widespread cannabis, context its increasing regulation, it important better understand associated cannabis order make more precise clinical, programming, policy decisions. However, include variety processes, features influences that rarely fully considered research. This article explores myriad both as concepts, illustrates impact use, focuses interactions affect three main areas public interest: development dependence, various routes administration (ROA), impaired driving. We draw two separate scoping reviews examine available evidence regard these issues. These examples described illustrate need comprehensive integration research, well serious consideration results doing so, when addressing major issue such use.

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in the acute effects of smoked cannabis: evidence from a human laboratory study of young adults

Psychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 237(2), P. 305 - 316

Published: Oct. 22, 2019

Language: Английский

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Short- and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Headache and Migraine

Journal of Pain, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 21(5-6), P. 722 - 730

Published: Nov. 9, 2019

Use of cannabis to alleviate headache and migraine is relatively common, yet research on its effectiveness remains sparse. We sought determine whether inhalation decreases ratings as well gender, type (concentrate vs flower), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or dose contribute changes in these ratings. Finally, we explored evidence for tolerance effects. Archival data were obtained from Strainprint, a medical app that allows patients track symptoms before after using different strains doses cannabis. Latent change score models multilevel used analyze 12,293 sessions where was treat 7,441 migraine. There significant reductions use. Men reported larger than women use concentrates associated with flower. Further, there PERSPECTIVE: Inhaled reduces self-reported severity by approximately 50%. However, appears diminish across time appear time, suggesting effects may develop continued

Language: Английский

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Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Novel Treatment Targets for Substance Use Disorders and Associated Comorbidities

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: April 15, 2021

Recent studies examining the neurobiology of substance abuse have revealed a significant role neuroimmune signaling as mechanism through which drugs induce aberrant changes in synaptic plasticity and contribute to abuse-related behaviors. Immune within brain periphery critically regulates homeostasis nervous system. Perturbations immune can neuroinflammation or immunosuppression, dysregulate system function including neural processes associated with use disorders (SUDs). In this review, we discuss literature that demonstrates regulating learning, memory, plasticity, emphasizing specific cytokine central We then highlight recent preclinical studies, last 5 years when possible, identified mechanisms addiction-related Findings thus far underscore need for future investigations into clinical potential immunopharmacology novel approach toward treating SUDs. Considering high prevalence rate comorbidities among those SUDs, also common SUDs potentially treatment targets these comorbid conditions. argue represents frontier development new pharmacotherapies promote long-term abstinence from drug minimize detrimental impact SUD on patient health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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A randomized, controlled trial of ZYN002 cannabidiol transdermal gel in children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome (CONNECT-FX)

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Nov. 25, 2022

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling and may therefore respond to cannabidiol therapy.CONNECT-FX was a double-blind, randomized phase 3 trial assessing efficacy safety of ZYN002, transdermal gel, for the treatment behavioral symptoms in children adolescents FXS.Patients were 12 weeks ZYN002 (250 mg or 500 daily [weight-based]) placebo, as add-on standard care. The primary endpoint assessed change social avoidance (SA) measured by Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Edition FXS (ABC-CFXS) SA subscale full cohort patients mutation, regardless FMR1 methylation status. Ad hoc analyses ≥ 90% 100% promoter region gene, whom gene silencing most likely.A total 212 patients, mean age 9.7 years, 75% males, enrolled. A 169 (79.7%) presented mutation FMR1. Although statistical significance not achieved cohort, significant improvement demonstrated (nominal P = 0.020). This group also statistically improvements Caregiver Global Impression-Change isolation, irritable disruptive behaviors, interactions P-values: 0.038, 0.028, 0.002). Similar results seen safe well tolerated. All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) mild moderate. common treatment-related TEAE application site pain (ZYN002: 6.4%; placebo: 1.0%).In CONNECT-FX, tolerated evidence favorable benefit risk relationship likely, impact typically severe.The CONNECT-FX registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03614663).

Language: Английский

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Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Cannabis Use Disorder in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: Results from the Disease Burden Study 2019

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. 2485 - 2507

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

Abstract Cannabis is the fourth psychoactive substance to be legalized which are of far-reaching significance world. We analyzed data from 2019 Global Burden Disease Study (GBD) estimate incidence and prevalence cannabis use disorder (CUD) calculated disease burden CUD in 204 countries territories 21 regions over past three decades. reported due terms disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rate (ASR), estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), associations between sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles. Globally, number cases was increasing by 32.3% 1990 males nearly double higher than that female. DALYs increase 38.6% 1990. Young people aged 20–24 old with have highest 2019, followed those younger 20 old. India, Canada, USA, Qatar, Kenya, high SDI quintile areas showed a disease. Nearly 200 million individuals users worldwide, notable condition GBD. The global cultivation cannabis, rooted different cultures, diversified access legalization controversy, promotion medical many other factors promote industry constantly updated upgraded. It deserves more discussion future pathophysiological mechanisms, socioeconomics, law, policy improvement.

Language: Английский

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