Mediators of Inflammation,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
2020, P. 1 - 16
Published: April 4, 2020
Human
gut
is
home
to
a
diverse
and
complex
microbial
ecosystem
encompassing
bacteria,
viruses,
parasites,
fungi,
other
microorganisms
that
have
an
undisputable
role
in
maintaining
good
health
for
the
host.
Studies
on
interplay
between
microbiota
various
human
diseases
remain
key
focus
among
many
researchers.
Nevertheless,
advances
sequencing
technologies
computational
biology
helped
us
identify
diversity
of
fungal
community
reside
known
as
mycobiome.
Although
studies
mycobiome
are
still
its
infancy,
numerous
sources
reported
potential
host
homeostasis
disease
development.
Nonetheless,
actual
mechanism
involvement
remains
largely
unknown
underexplored.
Thus,
this
review,
we
attempt
discuss
recent
research
from
multiple
perspectives.
This
includes
understanding
composition
communities
immunity
gut-brain
axis.
Further,
also
multibiome
interactions
with
emphasis
fungi-bacteria
interaction
influence
diet
shaping
composition.
review
highlights
relation
metabolites
mycobiota
diseases.
multiperspective
could
perhaps
shed
new
light
future
area.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
8
Published: Feb. 6, 2017
In
addition
to
physical
barriers,
neutrophils
are
considered
a
part
of
the
first
line
immune
defense.
They
can
be
found
in
bloodstream,
with
lifespan
6-8
hours,
and
tissue,
where
they
last
up
seven
days.
The
mechanisms
that
utilize
for
host
defense
phagocytosis,
degranulation,
cytokine
production
and,
most
recently
described,
neutrophil
extracellular
trap
(NET)
production.
NETs
DNA
structures
released
due
chromatin
decondensation
spreading,
thus
occupy
3-5
times
volume
condensed
chromatin.
Several
proteins
adhere
NETs,
including
histones
over
30
components
primary
secondary
granules,
among
them
bactericidal
activity
such
as
elastase,
myeloperoxidase,
cathepsin
G,
lactoferrin,
pentraxin
3,
gelatinase,
proteinase
LL-37,
peptidoglycan-binding
others
able
destroy
virulence
factors.
Three
models
NETosis
known
date.
a)
Suicidal
NETosis,
duration
2-4
is
best
described
model.
b)
vital
nuclear
release,
release
without
exhibiting
loss
or
plasma
membrane
within
5-60
minutes,
it
independent
ROS
Raf/MERK/ERK
pathway.
c).
final
type
Vital
mitochondrial
dependent
on
produced
after
stimuli
GM-CSF
LPS.
Recent
research
has
revealed
more
sophisticated
cells
precisely
regulate
their
granular
enzymes
by
ion
fluxes
immunomodulatory
cytokines
chemokines
interact
various
system.
Therefore,
play
key
role
autoimmunity
autoinflammatory
metabolic
diseases.
this
review,
we
intend
show
two
roles
played
neutrophils:
against
microorganisms
contributor
pathogenesis
illnesses,
autoimmune,
mSphere,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
3(2)
Published: March 27, 2018
We
sought
to
identify
the
fungi
that
colonize
healthy
GI
tracts
and
have
a
sustained
influence
on
diverse
functions
of
gut
microbiome.
Instead,
we
found
all
in
stool
volunteers
could
be
explained
by
their
presence
oral
dietary
sources
our
results,
together
with
those
from
other
analyses,
support
model
there
is
little
or
no
gastrointestinal
colonization
fungi.
This
may
due
Westernization,
primate
evolution,
fungal
ecology,
and/or
strong
defenses
immune
system.
Importantly,
tract
often
indicative
disease.
As
can
cause
serious
infections
immunocompromised
individuals
are
at
increased
abundance
multiple
disorders
tract,
understanding
normal
essential
for
proper
treatment
prevention
pathogenesis.
Immunological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
280(1), P. 102 - 111
Published: Oct. 13, 2017
Studies
in
the
last
20
years
have
given
us
a
remarkable
insight
into
functional
and
phenotypic
diversity
of
macrophages
which
reflects
their
integral
role
host
defence,
homeostasis
pathogenesis.
Mouse
genetics,
transcriptomic
epigenetic
studies
provided
an
ontogenic
molecular
perspective
to
these
cells.
Recently,
metabolic
revealed
crucial
metabolism
metabolites
shaping
phenotype
function
macrophages.
Evidence
pertaining
this
aspect
will
be
reviewed
here.
Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
89, P. 24 - 33
Published: March 9, 2018
Over
the
last
decade,
invasive
fungal
infections
have
emerged
as
a
growing
threat
to
human
health
worldwide
and
novel
treatment
strategies
are
urgently
needed.
In
this
context,
investigations
into
host-pathogen
interactions
represent
an
important
promising
field
of
research.
Antigen
presenting
cells
such
macrophages
dendritic
strategically
located
at
frontline
defence
against
potential
invaders.
Importantly,
these
express
germline
encoded
pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs),
which
sense
conserved
entities
from
pathogens
orchestrate
innate
immune
responses.
Herein,
we
review
latest
findings
regarding
biology
functions
different
classes
PRRs
involved
in
pathogenic
recognition.
We
also
discuss
recent
literature
on
PRR
collaboration/crosstalk
mechanisms
inhibiting/regulating
signalling.
Finally,
how
accumulated
knowledge
biology,
especially
Dectin-1,
has
been
used
for
design
new
immunotherapies
infections.
Microorganisms,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
8(2), P. 144 - 144
Published: Jan. 21, 2020
Vulvovaginal
candidiasis
(VVC)
is
a
widespread
vaginal
infection
primarily
caused
by
Candida
albicans.
VVC
affects
up
to
75%
of
women
childbearing
age
once
in
their
life,
and
9%
different
populations
experience
more
than
three
episodes
per
year,
which
defined
as
recurrent
vulvovaginal
(RVVC).
RVVC
results
diminished
quality
life
well
increased
associated
healthcare
costs.
For
long
time,
has
been
considered
the
outcome
inadequate
host
defenses
against
colonization,
case
primary
immunodeficiencies
with
persistent
fungal
infections
insufficient
clearance.
Intensive
research
recent
decades
led
new
hypothesis
that
points
toward
local
mucosal
overreaction
immune
system
rather
defective
response
colonization.
This
review
provides
an
overview
current
understanding
pathogenesis
suggests
tightly
regulated
fungus–host–microbiota
interplay
might
exert
protective
role
infections.
