COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(8), P. 1385 - 1394

Published: July 16, 2021

Abstract Widespread acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for achieving sufficient immunization coverage to end the global pandemic, yet few studies have investigated vaccination attitudes in lower-income countries, where large-scale just beginning. We analyze vaccine across 15 survey samples covering 10 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Asia, Africa South America, Russia (an upper-middle-income country) United States, including a total 44,260 individuals. find considerably higher willingness take our LMIC (mean 80.3%; median 78%; range 30.1 percentage points) compared with States 64.6%) 30.4%). Vaccine LMICs primarily explained by an interest personal protection against COVID-19, while concern about side effects most common reason hesitancy. Health workers are trusted sources guidance vaccines. Evidence from this sample suggests that prioritizing distribution Global should yield high returns advancing coverage. Vaccination campaigns focus on translating levels stated into actual uptake. Messages highlighting efficacy safety, delivered healthcare workers, could be effective addressing any remaining hesitancy analyzed LMICs.

Language: Английский

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The Psychology of Fake News

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 388 - 402

Published: March 18, 2021

Recent evidence contradicts the common narrative that partisanship and politically motivated reasoning explain why people fall for 'fake news'.Poor truth discernment is linked to a lack of careful relevant knowledge, as well use familiarity source heuristics.There also large disconnect between what believe they will share on social media, this largely driven by inattention rather than purposeful sharing misinformation.Effective interventions can nudge media users think about accuracy, leverage crowdsourced veracity ratings improve ranking algorithms. We synthesize burgeoning literature investigating false or highly misleading news online. Contrary whereby politics drives susceptibility fake news, are 'better' at discerning from falsehood (despite greater overall belief) when evaluating concordant news. Instead, poor associated with heuristics such familiarity. Furthermore, there substantial media. This dissociation inattention, more so misinformation. Thus, successfully focus accuracy. Crowdsourced be leveraged Fabricated nothing new. For example, in 1835 The Sun newspaper New York published six articles purported life moon which came known 'Great Moon Hoax'. During 2016 US Presidential Election UK Brexit Referendum, however, different form (see Glossary) rose prominence (Box 1): political 'news' stories, primarily originating [1.Lazer D. et al.The science news.Science. 2018; 359: 1094-1096Crossref PubMed Scopus (727) Google Scholar]. Concern was redoubled 2020 face widespread misinformation disinformation [2.Wardle C. Information Disorder: Essential Glossary, Shorenstein Center Media, Politics, Public Policy. Harvard Kennedy School, 2018Google Scholar] coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [3.Loomba S. al.Measuring impact COVID-19 vaccine vaccination intent USA.Nat. Hum. Behav. 2021; (Published online February 5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1)Crossref (0) [4.Pennycook G. Rand D.G. Examining beliefs voter fraud wake Election.Harvard Sch. Misinformation Rev. 2: 1-19Google Misleading hyperpartisan yellow journalism [5.Kaplan R.L. Yellow journalism.in: Donsbach W. International Encyclopedia Communication. John Wiley & Sons, 2008Crossref Scholar], related forms problematic content likely sources polarization [6.Faris R.M. al.Partisanship, Propaganda, Disinformation: Online Media U.S. Election. Berkman Klein Internet Society, 2017Google What it human psychology – its interaction [7.Lewandowsky al.Technology Democracy. Understanding Influence Technologies Political Behaviour Decision-Making, EU Science Hub2020Google Scholar,8.Kozyreva A. al.Citizens versus internet: confronting digital challenges cognitive tools.Psychol. Sci. Interest. 2020; 21: 103-156Crossref (2) explains failure distinguish accurate inaccurate online? Apart being theoretical interest, question has practical consequences: developing effective against depends understanding underlying psychology.Box 1Prevalence Fake NewsVarious analyses web browsing data have been used an attempt determine prevalence often using data, archives fact-checking websites, survey, Allcott Gentzkow [19.Allcott H. M. Social election.J. Econ. Perspect. 2017; 31: 211-236Crossref (1218) estimated particular set stories were shared Facebook least 38 million times 3 months leading up election (30 favoring Donald Trump). estimate represents lower bound since only reflects specific news.Other focused publishers (i.e., websites) individual articles. Based Twitter [117.Grinberg N. al.Fake twitter during election.Science. 2019; 363: 374-378Crossref (206) [77.Allen J. al.Scaling wisdom crowds.PsyArXiv. October 2, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9qdza)Google Scholar,118.Guess A.M. al.Less you think: predictors dissemination Facebook.Sci. Adv. 5eaau4586Crossref (4) [89.Guess al.Exposure untrustworthy websites election.Nat. 4: 472-480Crossref (21) these studies concluded sites small proportion most people's diets, average user exposed little election.These important limitations, because available concern visit click through off-platform. But, course, vast majority time simply read post without clicking link actual website. so-called news' one category misinformation, much larger diets Scholar,119.Bradshaw al.Sourcing automation information over United States, 2016–2018.Polit. Commun. 37: 173-193Crossref (6) on-platform exposure remains open [120.Rogers R. scale Facebook's problem upon how classified.Harvard 1: 1-15Google feel premature conclude rates minimal, thus not (also Scholar]). especially true looking beyond new threats claims Scholar,44.Pennycook al.Fighting media: experimental scalable accuracy intervention.Psychol. 770-780Crossref (73) gained traction amplification (mostly Republican) elites.Accordingly, (and broadly) equally distributed across all users. In particular, conservatives older adults far Scholar,89.Guess Scholar,117.Grinberg Studies found associations conservatism belief USA [20.Pennycook Lazy, biased: partisan better explained reasoning.Cognition. 188: 39-50Crossref (177) Chile [121.Halpern al.From conspiracy theories trust others: factors influence exposure, believing news.in: Meiselwitz Computing Media. Design, Human Behavior Analytics. HCII 2019. Lecture Notes Computer Science. vol 11578. Springer, Cham2019: 217-232Crossref (5) Germany [122.Zimmermann F. Kohring Mistrust, disinforming vote choice: panel survey origins consequences 2017 German Parliamentary Election.Polit. 215-237Crossref (8) but Hungary [24.Faragó L. al.We we doctored ourselves: connection news.Soc. Psychol. (Gott). 51: 77-90Crossref who engage less lower-quality [71.Mosleh al.Cognitive reflection correlates behavior Twitter.Nat. 12: 1-10Crossref even if exposures substantially higher subpopulations may particularly vulnerable content. Finally, originates sometimes transitions audiences picked traditional outlets either via direct repetition debunking (which result inadvertent amplification). Various Other election. These elites. Accordingly, here presented However, come many forms, several literatures clearly related, outside scope our review (although draw some connections throughout). include work [9.Sunstein C.R. Vermeule Conspiracy theories: causes cures.J. Polit. Philos. 2009; 17: 202-227Crossref (126) superstition [10.Lindeman Aarnio K. Superstitious, magical, paranormal beliefs: An integrative model.J. Res. Pers. 2007; 41: 731-744Crossref (118) rumors [11.Berinsky A.J. Rumors health care reform: experiments misinformation.Br. 47: 241-262Crossref (171) bullshit receptivity [12.Pennycook al.On reception detection pseudo-profound bullshit.Judgm. Decis. Mak. 2015; 10: 549-563Google misperceptions [13.Amazeen M.A. al.Correcting consumer misperceptions: effectiveness effects rating contextual correction formats.J. Mass Q. 95: 28-48Google among others. examples organized campaigns (e.g., Russian Research Agency, relating global warming Election). When considering believe, essential two fundamentally ways conceptualize One approach 'discernment', extent believed 'relative' Discernment, typically calculated minus (akin 'sensitivity' d' signal theory [14.Wickens T. Elementary Signal Detection Theory. Oxford University Press, 2002Google Scholar]) captures 'overall' one's gives insight into failures ('falling news'). Another belief, regardless (calculated sum akin calculating 'bias' Critically, alter need ability tell [15.Batailler, al. A identification (in press)Google Scholar]: increasing decreasing headlines equivalent no effect does affect discernment). popular discern rooted motivations. argued consumers (mis)information [16.Kahan D.M. Misconceptions, logic identity-protective cognition.in: SSRN Electron. Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper Series No. 164, Yale Law 605, Economics 575. 2017Crossref 'identity-protective cognition' faced valenced content, leads them overly consistent their identity skeptical inconsistent [17.Kahan Ideology, reasoning, reflection.Judgm. 2013; 8: 407-424Google argues place loyalty identities above fail favor ideologically [18.Van Bavel J.J. Pereira brain: Identity-based model belief.Trends Cogn. 22: 213-224Abstract Full Text PDF (68) accounts contend strong causal motivation dominant factor explaining It belief: People (versus discordant) Scholar, 20.Pennycook 21.Pennycook al.Shifting attention reduce online.Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2Crossref 22.Pereira al.Identity concerns drive news.PsyArXiv. September 18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/7VC5D)Google 23.Vegetti Mancosu sophistication misinformation.Polit. 678-695Crossref (1) 24.Faragó 25.Drummond al.Limited climate change.Environ. 081003Crossref (Figure 1B ). note, concordance smaller Scholar,21.Pennycook Scholar,26.Bago B. fast slow: deliberation reduces (but true) headlines.J. Exp. Gen. 149: 1608-1613Crossref (22) other words, discordant trump truth. necessarily indicate reasoning. Such differences could arise unbiased rational Bayesian) inference built prior factual differ party lines owing environments) [27.Tappin B.M. al.Thinking inferences reasoning: paradigmatic study designs undermine inference.Curr. Opin. 34: 81-87Crossref (7) 28.Tappin al.Rethinking reasoning.J. 29, http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/YUZFJ)Crossref 29.Tappin al.Bayesian biased? Analytic thinking updating.Cognition. 204: 1-12Crossref 30.Baron Jost J.T. False equivalence: liberals States biased?.Perspect. 14: 292-303Crossref (34) 31.Gerber Green Misperceptions perceptual bias.Annu. 1999; 189-210Crossref (185) 32.Leeper T.J. Slothuus parties, public opinion formation.Polit. 2014; 35: 129-156Crossref 33.Friedman Motivated skepticism inevitable conviction? Dogmatism politics.Crit. 2012; 24: 131-155Crossref (10) 2 details).Box 2Challenges Identifying Politically ReasoningThe observation ideology/partisanship ideology/partisanship) taken [22.Pereira Scholar,123.Ditto P.H. al.At bias bipartisan: meta-analytic comparison conservatives.Perspect. 273-291Crossref (78) Scholar,124.Clark C.J. Winegard Tribalism war peace: nature evolution ideological epistemology significance modern science.Psychol. Inq. 1-22Crossref pattern actually provide clear politicall

Language: Английский

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Lack of Trust, Conspiracy Beliefs, and Social Media Use Predict COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(6), P. 593 - 593

Published: June 3, 2021

As COVID-19 vaccines are rolled out across the world, there growing concerns about roles that trust, belief in conspiracy theories, and spread of misinformation through social media play impacting vaccine hesitancy. We use a nationally representative survey 1476 adults UK between 12 18 December 2020, along with 5 focus groups conducted during same period. Trust is core predictor, distrust general mistrust government raising health institutions experts perceived personal threat vital, revealing hesitancy driven by misunderstanding herd immunity as providing protection, fear rapid development side effects, beliefs virus man-made used for population control. In particular, those who obtain information from relatively unregulated sources—such YouTube—that have recommendations tailored watch history, hold conspiratorial beliefs, less willing to be vaccinated. Since an increasing number individuals gathering information, interventions require action governments, officials, companies. More attention needs devoted helping people understand their own risks, unpacking complex concepts, filling knowledge voids.

Language: Английский

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A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(9), P. 1145 - 1160

Published: Aug. 3, 2021

As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, possibility of 'pandemic fatigue' has raised worldwide concerns. Here, we examine whether there was a gradual reduction in adherence to protective behaviours against from March through December 2020, as hypothesized expectations fatigue. We considered self-report representative samples populations 14 countries (N = 238,797), well mobility and policy data for 124 countries. Our results show that changes were empirically meaningful geographically widespread. While low-cost habituating behaviour (mask wearing) exhibited linear rise adherence, high-cost sensitizing (physical distancing) declined, but this decline decelerated over time, with small rebounds seen later months. Reductions physical distancing showed little difference across societal groups, less intense high interpersonal trust. Alternative underlying mechanisms implications are discussed.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy—A Scoping Review of Literature in High-Income Countries

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 900 - 900

Published: Aug. 13, 2021

Vaccine hesitancy forms a critical barrier to the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine in high-income countries or regions. This review aims summarize rates and its determinants A scoping was conducted Medline

Language: Английский

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Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(3), P. 460 - 467

Published: March 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: July 1, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact daily life, including health system operations, despite the availability of vaccines that are effective in greatly reducing risks death and severe disease. Misperceptions vaccine safety, efficacy, risks, mistrust institutions responsible for vaccination campaigns have been reported as factors contributing hesitancy. This study investigated hesitancy globally June 2021. Nationally representative samples 1,000 individuals from 23 countries were surveyed. Data analyzed descriptively, weighted multivariable logistic regressions used explore associations with Here, we show more than three-fourths (75.2%) 23,000 respondents report acceptance, up 71.5% one year earlier. Across all countries, is associated a lack trust safety science, skepticism about its efficacy. Vaccine hesitant also highly resistant required proof vaccination; 31.7%, 20%, 15%, 14.8% approve requiring it access international travel, indoor activities, employment, public schools, respectively. For ongoing succeed improving coverage going forward, substantial challenges remain be overcome. These include increasing among those reporting lower confidence addition expanding low- middle-income countries.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Vaccine–Related Discussion on Twitter: Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis

Journal of Medical Internet Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(6), P. e24435 - e24435

Published: June 10, 2021

Background Vaccination is a cornerstone of the prevention communicable infectious diseases; however, vaccines have traditionally met with public fear and hesitancy, COVID-19 are no exception. Social media use has been demonstrated to play role in low acceptance vaccines. Objective The aim this study identify topics sentiments vaccine–related discussion on social discern salient changes over time better understand perceptions, concerns, emotions that may influence achievement herd immunity goals. Methods Tweets were downloaded from large-scale Twitter chatter data set March 11, 2020, day World Health Organization declared pandemic, January 31, 2021. We used R software clean tweets retain contained keywords vaccination, vaccinations, vaccine, vaccines, immunization, vaccinate, vaccinated. final included analysis consisted 1,499,421 unique 583,499 different users. perform latent Dirichlet allocation for topic modeling as well sentiment emotion using National Research Council Canada Emotion Lexicon. Results Topic related yielded 16 topics, which grouped into 5 overarching themes. Opinions about vaccination (227,840/1,499,421 tweets, 15.2%) was most tweeted remained highly discussed during majority period our examination. Vaccine progress around world became August when Russia approved world’s first vaccine. With advancement vaccine administration, instruction getting gradually more after week Weekly mean scores showed despite fluctuations, increasingly positive general. further trust predominant emotion, followed by anticipation, fear, sadness, etc. reached its peak November 9, Pfizer announced 90% effective. Conclusions Public largely driven major events mirrored active news mainstream media. also global perspective. dominant shown imply higher compared previous

Language: Английский

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A survey of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 23 countries in 2022

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(2), P. 366 - 375

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

Language: Английский

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An epidemic of uncertainty: rumors, conspiracy theories and vaccine hesitancy

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(3), P. 456 - 459

Published: March 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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