The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 10, 2020

The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. tract are communicating through bidirectional network of signaling pathways called gut-brain axis, which consists multiple connections, including vagus nerve, immune system, bacterial metabolites products. During these dysregulated altered permeability blood-brain barrier (BBB) neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind impact gut neuro-development -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There several involved CNS homeostasis Among those, inflammasome pathway been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases, anxiety depressive-like disorders. complex assembles upon cell activation due exposure microbes, danger signals, or stress lead production pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β interleukin-18) pyroptosis. Evidences suggest there reciprocal influence brain. how this precisely working yet be discovered. Herein, we discuss status knowledge open questions field focusing on function products cells during healthy inflammatory conditions, neuropsychiatric In particular, focus innate mechanism certain microbes.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 135 - 157

Published: Aug. 1, 2019

The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with the host. When intestinal homeostasis is perturbed, function tract other organ systems, including brain, can be compromised. gut proposed to contribute blood-brain barrier disruption pathogenesis neurodegenerative diseases. While progress being made, better understanding interactions between microbes host cells, impact these have on signaling from brain now required. In this review, we summarise current evidence their metabolites integrity function, communication networks which they may modulate. We also discuss potential modulation strategies as therapeutic tools for promoting restoring health.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1633 - 1633

Published: July 17, 2019

Human gut microbiota is able to influence the host physiology by regulating multiple processes, including nutrient absorption, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, and anabolic balance. Aging associated with reduced biodiversity, increased inter-individual variability, over-representation of pathobionts, these phenomena may have great relevance for skeletal muscle mass function. For this reason, presence a gut-muscle axis onset progression age-related physical frailty sarcopenia has been recently hypothesized. In narrative review, we summarize studies supporting possible association between microbiota-related parameters measures mass, performance in animal models humans. Reduced distinct composition fermentative capacity mice, administration probiotics or butyrate mouse wasting improved mass. However, no targeted human microbiome sarcopenia. Limited evidence from shows an composition, involving key taxa such as Faecalibacterium Bifidobacterium, grip strength. Similarly, few conducted on patients parkinsonism showed trend towards different those gait speed. No assessed fecal other performance. several studies, mainly cross-sectional design, suggest frailty, mostly according deficit accumulation model. Namely, was lower representation butyrate-producing bacteria. Therefore, conclude that causal link fitness still uncertain due lack large number covariates, diet, exercise, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, both function older age. relationship remains very promising area research future.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior

Progress in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 179, P. 101607 - 101607

Published: March 22, 2019

Language: Английский

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Transplantation of microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia causes schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors and dysregulated kynurenine metabolism in mice

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 2905 - 2918

Published: Aug. 7, 2019

Language: Английский

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Simple animal models for microbiome research

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17(12), P. 764 - 775

Published: Aug. 15, 2019

Language: Английский

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A Model for Basic Emotions Using Observations of Behavior in Drosophila

Frontiers in Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: April 24, 2019

Emotion plays a crucial role, both in general human experience and psychiatric illnesses. Despite the importance of emotion, relative lack objective methodologies to scientifically studying emotional phenomena limits our current understanding thereby calls for development novel methodologies, such us study illustrative animal models. Analysis Drosophila other insects has unlocked new opportunities elucidate behavioral phenotypes fundamentally phenomena. Here we propose an integrative model basic emotions based on observations this model. The are internal states that modulated by neuromodulators, these externally expressed as certain stereotypical behaviors, instinct, which is proposed ancient mechanisms survival. There four kinds emotions: happiness, sadness, fear anger, differentially associated with three core affects: reward (happiness), punishment (sadness), stress (fear anger). These affects analogous primary colors (red, yellow, blue) they combined various proportions result more complex "higher order" emotions, love aesthetic emotion. We refer called "Three Primary Color Model Basic Emotions".

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Jan. 31, 2021

Abstract Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no absolute cure. The evidence of the involvement gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis suggests need to identify certain molecule(s) derived from microbiota, which has potential manage PD. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-secreted protein, been shown modulate brain function. Thus, it interest investigate whether OCN could exert protective effect on and, if yes, underlying mechanism lies subsequent changes microbiota. Results intraperitoneal injection can effectively ameliorate motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss 6-hydroxydopamine-induced mouse model. further antibiotics treatment fecal transplantation experiments confirmed that was required for OCN-induced protection mice. elevated Bacteroidetes depleted Firmicutes phyla mice microbial propionate production by levels. Two months orally administered successfully rescued Furthermore, AR420626, agonist FFAR3, receptor propionate, mimicked neuroprotective effects ablation enteric neurons blocked prevention Conclusions Together, our results demonstrate ameliorates mice, modulating microbiome increasing level might be responsible PD, expressed nervous system, main action site propionate.

Language: Английский

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The microbiome and mosquito vectorial capacity: rich potential for discovery and translation

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: May 18, 2021

Microbiome research has gained considerable interest due to the emerging evidence of its impact on human and animal health. As in other animals, gut-associated microbiota mosquitoes affect host fitness phenotypes. It is now well established that microbes can alter pathogen transmission mosquitoes, either positively or negatively, avenues are being explored exploit for vector control. However, less attention been paid how phenotypes vectorial capacity. Several mosquito components, such as density, biting rate, survival, competence, extrinsic incubation period all influence transmission. Recent studies also indicate each these therefore ultimately modulate Promisingly, this expands options available control by targeting parameters there still many knowledge gaps regarding mosquito-microbe interactions need be addressed order them efficiently. Here, we review current impacts microbiome aspects capacity, highlight likely opportunities novel strategies areas where further required. Video abstract.

Language: Английский

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