Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review

BMC Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 13, 2021

Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage a worldwide problem. typically begins during adolescence. Factors for include variety of protective risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the factors among adolescents worldwide.Preferred Reporting Items Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web Science. Tobacco addiction alcohol were excluded in review. Retrieved citations screened, data extracted based on strict inclusion exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria article being full text, published from year 2016 until 2020 provided via open access resource or subscribed by institution. Quality assessment done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 assess methodological quality included studies. Given heterogeneity studies, descriptive synthesis studies undertaken.Out 425 articles identified, 22 quantitative one qualitative final Both obtained categorized into domains: individual, family, community The individual identified traits high impulsivity; rebelliousness; emotional regulation impairment, low religious, pain catastrophic, homework completeness, total screen time alexithymia; experience maltreatment negative upbringing; having psychiatric disorders such as conduct problems major depressive disorder; previous e-cigarette exposure; behavioral addiction; low-perceived risk; high-perceived accessibility; high-attitude use synthetic drugs. familial prenatal maternal smoking; poor psychological control; parental education; negligence; supervision; uncontrolled pocket money; presence substance-using family members. One factor reported peers who determined optimism; level mindfulness; social phobia; strong beliefs against substance abuse; desire maintain one's health; paternal awareness school connectedness; structured activity religious beliefs.The outcomes suggest complex interaction between multitude influencing adolescent abuse. Therefore, successful prevention programs will require extensive work at all levels domains.

Language: Английский

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Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 20(2), P. 171 - 193

Published: May 18, 2021

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical effort to address limitations traditional mental disorder diagnoses. These include arbitrary boundaries between and normality, co‐occurrence in the modal case, heterogeneity presentation within dis­orders, instability diagnosis patients. This paper reviews evidence on validity utility disinhibited externalizing antagonistic spectra HiTOP, which together constitute a broad superspectrum. are composed elements subsumed variety disorders described recent DSM nosologies, including most notably substance use “Cluster B” personality disorders. superspectrum ranges from normative levels impulse control self‐assertion, maladaptive disinhibition antagonism, extensive polysubstance involvement psychopathology. A rich literature supports superspectrum, spectra. encompasses common genetic influences, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, treatment response. structure these validators mirrors phenotypic with some correlates more specific or spectra, others relevant entire underlining hierarchical domain. Compared diagnostic categories, conceptualization shows improved utility, reliability, explanatory capacity, clinical applicability. one aspect general approach psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make classification useful both research clinic.

Language: Английский

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Annual Research Review: DNA methylation as a mediator in the association between risk exposure and child and adolescent psychopathology

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 59(4), P. 303 - 322

Published: July 24, 2017

Background DNA methylation (DNAm) is a potential mechanism for propagating the effects of environmental exposures on child and adolescent mental health. In recent years, this field has experienced steady growth. Methods We provide strategic review current literature to evaluate evidence mediating role DNAm in link between risks psychopathological outcomes, with focus internalising externalising difficulties. Results Based studies presented, we conclude that there preliminary support (a) factors, such as diet, neurotoxic stress, influence offspring DNAm, (b) variability turn, associated psychopathology. Overall, very few have examined relation both almost all analyses been correlational nature. Conclusions holds biomarker indexing risk exposure vulnerability However, extent which it may represent causal mediator not clear. future, collection prospective exposure, outcomes – well functional characterisation epigenetic findings will assist determining

Language: Английский

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High times for cannabis: Epigenetic imprint and its legacy on brain and behavior

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 85, P. 93 - 101

Published: May 12, 2017

Language: Английский

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Integrated analysis of environmental and genetic influences on cord blood DNA methylation in new-borns

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: June 11, 2019

Abstract Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are among the mechanisms allowing integration of genetic and environmental factors to shape cellular function. While many studies have investigated either or contributions DNAm, few assessed their integrated effects. Here we examine relative prenatal genotype on in neonatal blood at variably methylated regions (VMRs) 4 independent cohorts (overall n = 2365). We use Akaike’s information criterion test which best explain variability cohort-specific VMRs: several (E), genotypes cis (G), additive (G + E) interaction (GxE) Genetic combination DNAm majority VMRs. The CpGs explained by G, G E GxE functionally distinct. enrichment variants from models GWAS for complex disorders supports importance disease risk.

Language: Английский

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Considerations toward an epigenetic and common pathways theory of mental disorder.

Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 132(3), P. 297 - 313

Published: April 1, 2023

Psychopathology emerges from the dynamic interplay of physiological and mental processes ecological context. It can be seen as a failure recursive, homeostatic to achieve adaptive re-equilibrium. This general statement actualized with consideration polygenic liability, early exposures, multiunit (multi-"level") analysis psychological action associated neural operations, all in context developmental exposome. article begins by identifying key principles clarifying terms necessary disorder theory. then ventures sketch model that highlights epigenetic dynamics proposes common pathways hypothesis toward psychopathology. An perspective elevates importance systems, particularly life, while opening door new mechanistic discovery. The proposal is finite number biological mechanisms are shared across most risky environments (and possibly many genetic liabilities) for Perturbation these mediating leads development A focus on changes multiple units time points render problem explaining psychopathology tractable. Key questions include mapping recursive over time, at adequate density, disorders unfold development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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Alcohol consumption is associated with widespread changes in blood DNA methylation: Analysis of cross‐sectional and longitudinal data

Addiction Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(1)

Published: Dec. 2, 2019

Abstract DNA methylation may be one of the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption is associated with risk disease. We conducted a large‐scale, cross‐sectional, genome‐wide association study and longitudinal analysis repeated measurements taken several years apart. Using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, was measured in blood samples from 5606 Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) participants. For 1088 them, these measures were using collected median 11 later. Associations between intake assessed linear mixed‐effects regression models. Independent data London Life Sciences Prospective Population (LOLIPOP) (N = 4042) Cooperative Health Research Augsburg Region (KORA) 1662) cohorts used to replicate associations discovered MCCS. Cross‐sectional analyses identified 1414 CpGs at P < 10 −7 , 1243 had not been reported previously. Of novel associations, 1078 replicated ( .05) LOLIPOP KORA data. MCCS data, we also 403 518 previously associations. Interaction suggested that stronger for women, non‐smokers, participants genetically predisposed consume less alcohol. CpGs, 530 differentially methylated former compared current drinkers. Longitudinal change observed 513 cross‐sectional Our indicates widespread changes across genome. showed status alcohol‐associated adulthood.

Language: Английский

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The role of epigenetics for understanding mental health difficulties and its implications for psychotherapy research

Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 92(2), P. 190 - 207

Published: March 28, 2019

Many mental health difficulties have developmental origins. Understanding the mechanisms for how psychosocial experiences are biologically embedded and influence lifelong development is a key challenge disciplines. In recent years, epigenetic processes emerged as potential mechanism mediating long‐lasting vulnerability following experience of adversity. Animal models provide evidence that early‐life adversity can produce enduring modifications in brain, which mediate disorder‐like behaviours, there emerging to support environmental factors humans. The investigation DNA methylation, chemical modification with role gene regulatory processes, becoming increasingly popular psychological studies. A particular interest psychotherapy field lies interventions processes. Hence, focus this review will be on studies investigated intervention‐associated changes methylation. Results first few critically reviewed, model therapy‐associated methylation peripheral, non‐brain tissue might useful biomarkers treatment outcome presented. Practitioner points substantial origin. Epigenetic long‐term effects early refers cellular control expression states, independent underlying sequence. epigenome highly dynamic potentially influenced by external

Language: Английский

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PACSIN proteins in vivo: Roles in development and physiology

Acta Physiologica, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 234(3)

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Protein kinase C and casein substrate in neurons (PACSINs), or syndapins (synaptic dynamin-associated proteins), are a family of proteins involved the regulation cell cytoskeleton, intracellular trafficking signalling. Over last twenty years, PACSINs have been mostly studied vitro ex vivo settings, only decade reports on their function emerged. We first summarize identification, structure cellular functions PACSINs, then focus relevance vivo. During development various model organisms, participate diverse processes, such as neural crest development, gastrulation, laterality neuromuscular junction formation. In mouse, PACSIN2 regulates angiogenesis during retinal human, associates with monosomy embryonic implantation. adulthood, PACSIN1 has extensively brain shown to regulate neuromorphogenesis, receptor synaptic plasticity. Several genetic studies suggest role for schizophrenia, which is also supported by phenotype mice depleted PACSIN1. plays an essential maintenance intestinal homeostasis participates kidney repair processes after injury. PACSIN3 abundant muscle tissue necessary caveolar biogenesis create membrane reservoirs, thus controlling function, linked certain muscular disorders. The above examples illustrate importance physiological organs, associations diseases when disturbed.

Language: Английский

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Differential DNA methylation in experienced meditators after an intensive day of mindfulness-based practice: Implications for immune-related pathways

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 84, P. 36 - 44

Published: Nov. 13, 2019

Language: Английский

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