Tryptophan Metabolism in Depression: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Serotonin and Kynurenine Pathways

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(15), P. 8493 - 8493

Published: July 31, 2022

Depression is a common and serious disorder, characterized by symptoms like anhedonia, lack of energy, sad mood, low appetite, sleep disturbances. This disease very complex not totally elucidated, in which diverse molecular biological mechanisms are involved, such as neuroinflammation. There high need for the development new therapies gaining insights into this urgent. One important player depression amino acid tryptophan. can be metabolized two pathways context depression: serotonin kynurenine pathways. These metabolic tryptophan crucial several processes that linked with depression. Indeed, maintenance balance critical human physiological homeostasis. Thus, narrative review aims to explore metabolism (particularly pathways) depression, starting global overview about these topics ending focus on neuroinflammation, stress, microbiota, brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation disease. Taken together, information clarify particularly

Language: Английский

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Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review

Trends in Food Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 138, P. 178 - 198

Published: June 11, 2023

The human gut hosts complex microbial communities, which are linked to health and disease. microbiota is continuously reshaped by multiple environmental factors, especially diet. Gut dysbiosis may promote various metabolic, neurological, intestinal, cardiovascular diseases, even tumor development. Probiotics have shown promising prophylactic, mitigating, or curative effects when use as nutrient supplements adjunctive therapy. These beneficial and/or symptom alleviation often accompanied microbiome metabolome changes. Differing from other published review articles, here we summarized the latest knowledge of evidence-based health-promoting probiotics scouring literature recent animal probiotic intervention studies. To elucidate mechanisms in enhancing intestinal homeostasis, barrier function, host immunity, through modulating its metabolites. Meanwhile, also discussed challenges data analysis clinical research comparison between laboratories, provides an outlook for future perspectives applications probiotics. achieved modulation. Current discussed. Finally, provided.

Language: Английский

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The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota–gut–brain axis perspective

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 601(20), P. 4491 - 4538

Published: Sept. 27, 2023

The physiological consequences of stress often manifest in the gastrointestinal tract. Traumatic or chronic is associated with widespread maladaptive changes throughout gut, although comparatively little known about effects acute stress. Furthermore, these stress-induced gut may increase susceptibility to disorders and infection, impact critical features neural behavioural response by impairing gut-brain axis communication. Understanding mechanisms behind enteric nervous system circuitry, visceral sensitivity, barrier function, permeability, microbiota following an important research objective pathophysiological implications both neurogastroenterology psychiatry. Moreover, has emerged as a key aspect physiology sensitive In this review, we focus on different aspects tract including function well immune, humoral neuronal elements involved discuss evidence for role disorders. Existing gaps current literature are highlighted, possible avenues future integrated perspective have been suggested. A more complete understanding spatial temporal dynamics host microbial kinds stressors will enable full exploitation diagnostic therapeutic potential fast-evolving field host-microbiome interactions.

Language: Английский

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The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 103(5), P. e37114 - e37114

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

The gastrointestinal tract is embedded with microorganisms of numerous genera, referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has multiple effects on many body organs, including the brain. There a bidirectional connection between and brain called gut-brain-axis, these connections are formed through immunological, neuronal, neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, modulates synthesis functioning neurotransmitters. Therefore, disruption in composition or function, which known dysbiosis, associated pathogenesis mental disorders, such schizophrenia, depression, other psychiatric disorders. This review aims summarize modulation role 4 prominent neurotransmitters (tryptophan serotonergic system, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate), well its association disorders (schizophrenia, anxiety autism spectrum disorder). More future research required develop efficient gut-microbiota-based therapies for illnesses.

Language: Английский

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Hormetic Nutrition and Redox Regulation in Gut–Brain Axis Disorders

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 484 - 484

Published: April 18, 2024

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hormetic nutrition for enhancing stress resilience overall human health have received much attention. Recently, the gut-brain axis has attracted prominent interest preventing therapeutically impacting neuropathologies gastrointestinal diseases. Polyphenols polyphenol-combined nanoparticles in synergy with probiotics shown to improve gut bioavailability blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thus inhibiting oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction inflammation linked dysbiosis ultimately onset progression central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In accordance hormesis, polyphenols display biphasic dose-response by activating at a low dose Nrf2 pathway resulting upregulation

Language: Английский

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Critical Review of the Cross-Links Between Dietary Components, the Gut Microbiome, and Depression

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(2), P. 614 - 614

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

The complex relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and mental health, particularly depression, has become a focal point of contemporary research. This critical review examines how specific dietary components, such as fiber, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds, shape microbiome influence microbial metabolism in order to regulate depressive outcomes. These dietary-induced changes microbiota can modulate production metabolites, which play vital roles gut–brain communication. axis facilitates this communication through neural, immune, endocrine pathways. Alterations metabolites central nervous system (CNS) functions by impacting neuroplasticity, inflammatory responses, neurotransmitter levels—all are linked onset course depression. highlights recent findings linking components with beneficial composition reduced symptoms. We also explore challenges individual variability responses interventions long-term sustainability these strategies. underscores necessity for further longitudinal mechanistic studies elucidate precise mechanisms diet interactions be leveraged mitigate paving way personalized nutritional therapies.

Language: Английский

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Recognizing the role of the vagus nerve in depression from microbiota-gut brain axis

Frontiers in Neurology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Nov. 10, 2022

Depression is a worldwide disease causing severe disability, morbidity, and mortality. Despite abundant studies, the precise mechanisms underlying pathophysiology of depression remain elusive. Recently, cumulate research suggests that disturbance microbiota-gut-brain axis may play vital role in etiology while correcting this could alleviate symptoms. The vagus nerve, linking brain gut through its afferent efferent branches, critical route bidirectional communication axis. Directly or indirectly, fibers can sense relay microbiota signals to induce disorders including depression. Also, changes response stress result hyperpermeability inflammation mediating by vagal efferents, which be detrimental Notably, nerve stimulation owns an anti-inflammatory effect was proved for treatment. Nevertheless, accompanied low tone, derive from contribute pathogenesis In review, we aim explore perspective axis, highlighting relationship among hyperpermeability, inflammation,

Language: Английский

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The brain-gut-microbiota interplay in depression: A key to design innovative therapeutic approaches

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 192, P. 106799 - 106799

Published: May 19, 2023

Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in world associated with huge socio-economic consequences. While depressive-related symptoms are well known, molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology and progression remain largely unknown. The gut microbiota (GM) emerging as a key regulator of central nervous system homeostasis by exerting fundamental immune metabolic functions. In turn, brain influences intestinal microbial composition through neuroendocrine signals, within so-called microbiota-brain axis. balance this bidirectional crosstalk important to ensure neurogenesis, preserve integrity blood-brain barrier avoid neuroinflammation. Conversely, dysbiosis permeability negatively affect development, behavior, cognition. Furthermore, although not fully defined yet, changes GM depressed patients reported influence pharmacokinetics common antidepressants affecting their absorption, metabolism, activity. Similarly, neuropsychiatric drugs may shape turn an impact on efficacy toxicity pharmacological intervention itself. Consequently, strategies aimed at re-establishing correct homeostatic (i.e., prebiotics, probiotics, fecal transplantation, dietary interventions) represent innovative approach improve pharmacotherapy depression. Among these, probiotics Mediterranean diet, alone or combination standard care, hold promise for clinical application. Therefore, disclosure intricate network between depression will give precious insights diagnostic therapeutic approaches towards depression, profound implications drug development practice.

Language: Английский

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How Oxidative Stress Induces Depression?

ASN NEURO, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Depression increasingly affects a wide range and large number of people worldwide, both physically psychologically, which makes it social problem requiring prompt attention management. Accumulating clinical animal studies have provided us with substantial insights disease pathogenesis, especially central monoamine deficiency, considerably promotes antidepressant research treatment. The first-line antidepressants mainly target the system, whose drawbacks include slow action treatment resistant. novel esketamine, targeting on glutamatergic rapidly robustly alleviates depression (including treatment-resistant depression), efficiency is shadowed by potential addictive psychotomimetic side effects. Thus, exploring pathogenesis necessary, for seeking more safe effective therapeutic methods. Emerging evidence has revealed vital involvement oxidative stress (OS) in depression, inspires to pursue antioxidant pathway prevention Fully uncovering underlying mechanisms OS-induced first step towards avenue, thus we summarize expound possible downstream pathways OS, including mitochondrial impairment related ATP neuroinflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B dysfunction serotonin microbiota-gut-brain axis disturbance hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical dysregulation. We also elaborate intricate interactions between multiple aspects, molecular mediating interplay. Through reviewing progress field, hope depict an integral overview how OS induces order provide fresh ideas targets final goal efficient disease.

Language: Английский

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The influence of the gut-brain axis on anxiety and depression: A review of the literature on the use of probiotics

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 237 - 255

Published: March 21, 2024

This review aims to argue how using probiotics can improve anxiety and depressive behaviour without adverse effects, also exploring the impact of postbiotics on it. Specifically, have drawn more attention as effective alternative treatments, considering rising cost antidepressant anti-anxiety drugs high risk side effects. Depression disorders are among most common mental illnesses in world's population, characterised by low mood, poor general interest, cognitive or motor dysfunction. Thus, this study analyzed published literature anxiety, depression, probiotic supplementation from PubMed Scopus, focusing last twenty years. focused effect health they because their extensive clinical applications positive various diseases. Numerous studies demonstrated gut microbiota might be critical for mood regulation affect host regulating gut-brain axis. By comparing different works analysed, it was possible identify a strategy which selected employed and, at same time, assess optimised postbiotics, an innovation well-being humans.

Language: Английский

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