Exceptional warming over the Barents area

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 15, 2022

In recent decades, surface air temperature (SAT) data from Global reanalyses points to maximum warming over the northern Barents area. However, a scarcity of observations hampers confidence in this Arctic hotspot region. Here, we study past 20-40 years based on new available SAT and quality controlled comprehensive dataset archipelagos Sea. We identify statistically significant record-high annual up 2.7 °C per decade, with autumn 4.0 decade. Our results are compared most global regional reanalysis sets, as well remote sensing records sea ice concentration (SIC), (SST) high-resolution charts. The pattern is primarily consistent reductions cover confirms general spatial temporal patterns represented by reanalyses. our findings suggest even stronger rate SIC-SAT relation than was known region until now.

Language: Английский

---

Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 1675 - 1709

Published: April 17, 2023

Abstract. The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming ocean, land, cryosphere, atmosphere. According to Sixth Assessment Report by Working Group I Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this planetary multiple decades human-driven results in unprecedented committed changes system, with adverse impacts for ecosystems human systems. inventory provides a measure imbalance (EEI) allows quantifying how much as well where stored. Here we show that continued accumulate heat, 381±61 ZJ from 1971 2020. This equivalent heating rate (i.e., EEI) 0.48±0.1 W m−2. majority, about 89 %, stored followed 6 % 1 atmosphere, 4 available melting cryosphere. Over most recent period (2006–2020), EEI amounts 0.76±0.2 fundamental global indicator scientific community public can use world doing task bringing anthropogenic change under control. Moreover, highly complementary other established ones like mean surface temperature it represents robust its future commitment. We call an implementation into Paris Agreement's Global Stocktake based best science. study, updated von Schuckmann et al. (2020), underpinned worldwide multidisciplinary collaboration demonstrates critical importance concerted international efforts monitoring community-based recommendations also urgently needed actions enabling continuity, archiving, rescuing, calibrating assure improved long-term capacity observing system. data are publicly available, more details provided Table 4.

Language: Английский

---

New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 41(6), P. 1068 - 1082

Published: Jan. 11, 2024

Abstract The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities. In 2023, the sea surface temperature (SST) upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached record highs. 0–2000 OHC 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15 ± 10 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 21 Joules) (updated IAP/CAS data); 9 5 (NCEI/NOAA data). Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, southern oceans recorded their highest observed since 1950s. Associated with onset a strong El Niño, SST its high an annual mean ∼0.23°C higher than astounding > 0.3°C above values for second half 2023. density stratification spatial inhomogeneity indexes

Language: Английский

---

Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Niña Conditions

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 39(3), P. 373 - 385

Published: Jan. 11, 2022

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within climate system and increases ocean content (OHC). Here, we provide first analysis recent OHC changes through 2021 two international groups. world ocean, 2021, was hottest ever recorded by humans, annual value is even higher than last year's record 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 1021 J) using IAP/CAS dataset 16 10 NCEI/NOAA dataset. long-term warming larger Atlantic Southern Oceans other regions mainly attributed, via model simulations, to an increase anthropogenic gas concentrations. year-to-year variation primarily tied El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In seven maritime domains Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Northwest Pacific, oceans, Mediterranean Sea, robust observed but with distinct inter-annual decadal variability. Four out showed record-high 2021. anomalous global regional established this study should be incorporated into risk assessments, adaptation, mitigation.人类活动导致大气中温室气体的浓度上升,造成了地球系统的净热量吸收和海洋热含量增加。本文发布了两个国际机构的2021年海洋热含量数据,数据表明:2021年海洋升温持续——成为有现代海洋观测记录以来海洋最暖的一年。相对于2020年,2021年全球海洋上层2000米热含量上升了14 J)(IAP/CAS数据)、以及16 ZJ(NOAA/NCEI数据)。海洋长期变暖趋势在南大洋、中低纬度大西洋区域更强,地球系统模式的单个因子强迫实验证明,温室气体增加是主要的驱动因子;而年际尺度的海洋热含量变化主要受到厄尔尼诺-南方涛动模态调控。此外,本文给出了全球7个主要海域的海洋变暖测算,发现地中海、北大西洋、南大洋、北太平洋海区温度均创历史新高。最后,本文提出需要充分将全球和区域海洋变暖的影响纳入气候风险评估、气候变化影响和应对当中。.

Language: Английский

---

Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Nov. 16, 2021

A climatology of the wind waves in Mediterranean Sea is presented. The climate patterns, their spatio-temporal variability and change are based on a 40-year (1980–2019) wave hindcast, obtained by combining ERA5 reanalysis forcing with state-of-the-art WAVEWATCH III spectral model verified against satellite altimetry. Results presented for typical (50th percentile) extreme (99th significant height and, first time at regional scale, expected maximum individual sea states. evaluated seasonal scale proposing adopting definition seasons states that altimetry observations stormy (winter) calm (summer) months. results, initially four then winter summer only, show regions basin where largest occur those temporal variability. possible relationship atmospheric parameter anomalies teleconnection patterns (through indices) motivates such investigated, results suggesting Scandinavian index most correlated to wind-wave variability, especially Finally, trend analysis shows heights decreasing during increasing winter.

Language: Английский

---

Copernicus Ocean State Report, issue 6

Journal of Operational Oceanography, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(sup1), P. 1 - 220

Published: Aug. 31, 2022

Statement of main outcome: This section presents a satellite-based map potential eutrophic and oligotrophic areas in the European Seas for year 2020, together with time series eutrophication past 23 years (1998-2020) averaged over Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) each country.The were generated on basis comparison per-pixel chlorophyll-a data from remote sensing reporting corresponding climatological 90th percentile (P90) established 20-year baseline (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017).The results showed few scattered areas, while extensive coastal shelf waters indicate status.The distributions point to localities that should be watch determine situ nutrient levels whether trend is sustained into future.The at EEZ level low percentages across area some remarkable high events occurring first decade study period, followed by an overall reduction 2013 onwards.Furthermore, several countries, indicator was often nil or never exceeded 1% area.Results are then compared those Sustainable Development Goal (SDG, set United Nations General Assembly) 14 global satellite-derived (target 14.1).

Language: Английский

---

Correction of ERA5 Wind for Regional Climate Projections of Sea Waves

Water, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(10), P. 1590 - 1590

Published: May 16, 2022

This paper proposes a method to infer the future change in wind-wave climate using reanalysis wind corrected statistically match data from regional model (RCM). The is applied sea surface speed of ERA5 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. correction determined quantile mapping between and RCM at any given point geographical space. issues that need be addressed better understand apply are discussed. Corrected fields eventually used force spectral wave numerical simulate significant height. strategy implemented over Adriatic Sea (a semi-enclosed basin Mediterranean Sea) includes present-day period (1981–2010) near-future (2021–2050) under two IPCC RCP4.5 RCP8.5 concentration scenarios. Evaluation against observations waves gives confidence reliability proposed approach. Results confirm evolution toward an overall decrease storm severity basin, especially its northern area. It expected methodology may other reanalyses, RCMs (including multi-model ensembles), or seas with similar characteristics.

Language: Английский

---

Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Winds, Waves, and Currents: Where are we Now?

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 44(5), P. 1357 - 1446

Published: March 18, 2023

Abstract This review paper reports on the state-of-the-art concerning observations of surface winds, waves, and currents from space their use for scientific research subsequent applications. The development sea state parameters dates back to 1970s, with a significant increase in number diversity missions since 1990s. Sensors used monitor sea-state are mainly based microwave techniques. They either specifically designed or abilities provide opportunistic measurements complementary primary purpose. principles which is estimation first described, including performance limitations each method. Numerous examples references these operational applications then given. richness linked importance knowledge many fields. Firstly, wind, factors influencing exchanges at air/sea interface, impacting oceanic atmospheric boundary layers, contributing level rise coasts, interacting sea-ice formation destruction polar zones. Secondly, ocean combined wind- wave- induced drift contribute transport heat, salt, pollutants. Waves also impact sediment erosion coastal areas. For applications, necessary one hand constrain numerical solutions predictive models (numerical wave, oceanic, models), other validate results. In turn, guarantee safe, efficient, successful offshore operations, commercial shipping energy sector, as well tourism activities. Long-time series global becoming increasingly important analyze climate change our environment. All aspects recalled article, relating both historical contemporary activities

Language: Английский

---

Still Arctic?—The changing Barents Sea

Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The Barents Sea is one of the Polar regions where current climate and ecosystem change most pronounced. Here we review state knowledge physical, chemical biological systems in Sea. Physical conditions this area are characterized by large seasonal contrasts between partial sea-ice cover winter spring versus predominantly open water summer autumn. Observations over recent decades show that surface air ocean temperatures have increased, extent has decreased, stratification weakened, chemistry components changed, latter a direction often described as “Atlantification” or “borealisation,” with less “Arctic” appearance. Temporal spatial changes wider relevance, both context large-scale climatic (air, mass sea-ice) transport processes comparison to other Arctic regions. These observed also socioeconomic consequences, including for fisheries human activities. While several ongoing monitored quantified, observation gaps remain, especially months when field observations sample collections still sparse. Knowledge interplay physical biogeochemical drivers responses, complex feedback processes, needs further development.

Language: Английский

---

Sensitivity of Skill Score Metric to Validate Lagrangian Simulations in Coastal Areas: Recommendations for Search and Rescue Applications

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: March 29, 2021

Search and rescue (SAR) modeling applications, mostly based on Lagrangian tracking particle algorithms, rely the accuracy of met-ocean forecast models. Skill assessment methods are therefore required to evaluate performance ocean models in predicting trajectories. The Score ( S ), Normalized Cumulative Separation (NCLS) distance between simulated satellite-tracked drifter trajectories, is a commonly used metric. However, its applicability coastal areas, where most SAR incidents occur, difficult sometimes unfeasible, because high variability that characterizes dynamics lack observations. In this study, we assess four available Ibiza Channel (Western Mediterranean Sea) such risk-prone regions seeking for functional implementation context operations. We analyze sensitivity different horizons examine best way quantify average model performance, avoid biased conclusions. Our results show increases with time cases. At short times (i.e., 6 h), exhibits much higher due trajectory lengths observed compared separation obtained at timescales not properly resolved by longer lead overestimation surface currents. Findings also averaged , as originally defined, can be misleading imposition lower limit value zero. To skill models, revision definition, so-called ∗ recommended. Furthermore, whereas drifters only provide along their drifting paths, trajectories derived from high-frequency radar (HFR) effectively information about spatial distribution inside HFR coverage. HFR-derived could complementing is, average, more favorable coarser-resolution double-penalty error, higher-resolution both very low during experiments.

Language: Английский

---