Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: July 20, 2023

Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence immunity genes. However, mechanism by which these sRNAs are secreted remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B. utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) secrete Bc-sRNAs, then internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The tetraspanin protein, Punchless (BcPLS1), serves as an EV biomarker plays essential role in pathogenicity. We observe numerous Arabidopsis clathrin-coated (CCVs) around infection sites colocalization marker BcPLS1 CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, one core components CCV. Meanwhile, cinerea-secreted detected purified CCVs after infection. knockout mutants inducible dominant-negative key CME pathway exhibit increased resistance Furthermore, Bc-sRNA loading into AGO1 target gene suppression attenuated those mutants. Together, our results fungi via EVs, mainly CME.

Language: Английский

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Fungal effectors: past, present, and future

Current Opinion in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 81, P. 102526 - 102526

Published: Aug. 24, 2024

Fungal effector proteins function at the interfaces of diverse interactions between fungi and their plant animal hosts, facilitating that are pathogenic or mutualistic. Recent advancements in protein structure prediction have significantly accelerated identification functional predictions these rapidly evolving proteins. This development enables scientists to generate testable hypotheses for validation using experimental approaches. Research frontiers biology include understanding pathways through which secreted translocated into host cells, roles manipulating microbiomes, contribution interacting with immunity. Comparative repertoires among different fungal-host can highlight unique adaptations, providing insights novel antifungal therapies biocontrol strategies.

Language: Английский

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Live cell imaging of plant infection provides new insight into the biology of pathogenesis by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Journal of Microscopy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 11, 2025

Abstract Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast, one most serious diseases affecting cultivation around world. During plant infection, M. forms a specialised infection structure called an appressorium. The appressorium in response to hydrophobic leaf surface and relies on multiple signalling pathways, including MAP kinase phosphorelay cAMP‐dependent signalling, integrated with cell cycle control autophagic death conidium. Together, these pathways regulate morphogenesis.The generates enormous turgor, applied as mechanical force breach cuticle. Re‐polarisation requires turgor‐dependent sensor which senses when critical threshold turgor has been reached initiate septin‐dependent re‐polarisation infection. Invasive growth then differential expression secretion large repertoire effector proteins secreted by distinct secretory depending their destination, also governed codon usage tRNA thiolation. Cytoplasmic effectors require unconventional Golgi‐independent pathway evidence suggests that clathrin‐mediated endocytosis necessary for delivery into cells. blast fungus develops transpressorium, specific invasion used move from cell‐to‐cell using pit field sites containing plasmodesmata, facilitate its spread tissue. This controlled same development hyphal constriction. Recent progress understanding mechanisms this devastating pathogen live imaging procedures are presented.

Language: Английский

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Phytoalexin sakuranetin attenuates endocytosis and enhances resistance to rice blast

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 23, 2024

Abstract Phytoalexin sakuranetin functions in resistance against rice blast. However, the mechanisms underlying effects of remains elusive. Here, we report that lines expressing (R) genes were found to contain high levels sakuranetin, which correlates with attenuated endocytic trafficking plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Exogenous and endogenous attenuates endocytosis various PM proteins fungal effector PWL2. Moreover, accumulation avirulence protein AvrCO39, resulting from uptake into cells by Magnaporthe oryzae , was reduced following treatment sakuranetin. Pharmacological manipulation clathrin-mediated (CME) suggests this pathway is targeted Indeed, attenuation CME sufficient convey Our data reveals a mechanism M. increasing repressing pathogen effectors, distinct action many R mainly function modulating transcription.

Language: Английский

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Effector‐triggered susceptibility by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 241(3), P. 1007 - 1020

Published: Dec. 10, 2023

Summary Rice blast, the most destructive disease of cultivated rice world‐wide, is caused by filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . To cause in plants, M. secretes a diverse range effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses, modulate cellular processes, and support pathogen growth. Some effectors can be secreted appressoria even before host penetration, while others accumulate apoplast, or enter living cells where they target specific subcellular compartments. During infection, blast induces formation specialized structure known as biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears crucial for delivery into cells. Here, we review recent advances cell biology –host interactions show how new breakthroughs control have stemmed from an increased understanding are deployed delivered enable invasion susceptibility.

Language: Английский

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Filamentous pathogen effectors enter plant cells via endocytosis

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(11), P. 1214 - 1217

Published: Aug. 14, 2023

Recent findings demonstrate that cytoplasmic effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens enter plant cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). This raises several questions: Does effector secretion pathway facilitate host uptake? How is CME triggered in cells? are the released endosomal compartments to reach diverse subcellular destinations?

Language: Английский

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Alternative splicing of a potato disease resistance gene maintains homeostasis between growth and immunity

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(9), P. 3729 - 3750

Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract Plants possess a robust and sophisticated innate immune system against pathogens must balance growth with rapid pathogen detection defense. The intracellular receptors nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) motifs recognize pathogen-derived effector proteins thereby trigger the response. expression of genes encoding NLR is precisely controlled in multifaceted ways. alternative splicing (AS) introns response to infection recurrently observed but poorly understood. Here we report that potato (Solanum tuberosum) gene RB undergoes AS its intron, resulting 2 transcriptional isoforms, which coordinately regulate plant immunity homeostasis. During normal growth, predominantly exists as an intron-retained isoform RB_IR, truncated protein containing only N-terminus NLR. Upon late blight infection, induces intron RB, increasing abundance RB_CDS, encodes full-length active R protein. By deploying isoforms fused luciferase reporter system, identified IPI-O1 (also known Avrblb1), cognate effector, facilitator AS. directly interacts factor StCWC15, altered localization StCWC15 from nucleoplasm nucleolus nuclear speckles. Mutations eliminate binding also disrupt re-localization splicing. Thus, our study reveals serves surveillance senses pathogen-secreted regulates trade-off between RB-mediated expanding understanding molecular plant–microbe interactions.

Language: Английский

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Potato: from functional genomics to genetic improvement

Molecular Horticulture, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Aug. 19, 2024

Potato is the most widely grown non-grain crop and ranks as third significant global food following rice wheat. Despite its long history of cultivation over vast areas, slow breeding progress environmental stress have led to a scarcity high-yielding potato varieties. Enhancing quality yield tubers remains ultimate objective breeding. However, conventional has faced challenges due tetrasomic inheritance, high genomic heterozygosity, inbreeding depression. Recent advancements in molecular biology functional studies provided valuable insights into regulatory network physiological processes facilitated trait improvement. In this review, we present summary identified factors genes governing growth development, along with genomics adoption new technologies for Additionally, explore opportunities improvement, offering future avenues research.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular RNAs released by plant-associated fungi: from fundamental mechanisms to biotechnological applications

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 107(19), P. 5935 - 5945

Published: Aug. 12, 2023

Abstract Extracellular RNAs are an emerging research topic in fungal-plant interactions. Fungal plant pathogens and symbionts release small that enter host cells to manipulate physiology immunity. This communication via extracellular between fungi plants is bidirectional. On the one hand, encapsulated inside vesicles as a defense response well for intercellular inter-organismal communication. other recent reports suggest also full-length mRNAs transported within fungal EVs into plants, these might get translated cells. In this review article, we summarize current views fundamental concepts of released by plant-associated fungi, discuss new strategies apply crop protection against pathogens. Key points • plant-fungal Fungi utilize colonization. can be engineered protect

Language: Английский

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Transcription factor KUA1 positively regulates tomato resistance against Phytophthora infestans by fine‐tuning reactive oxygen species accumulation

The Plant Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 121(4)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

SUMMARY Tomato is a horticultural crop of global significance. However, the pathogen Phytophthora infestans causing late blight disease imposes severe threat to tomato production and quality. Many transcription factors (TFs) are known be involved in responses plant pathogens, however, key TFs resistant P. remain explored. Here, we identified six related infection. In particular, found overexpression SlKUA1 could significantly improve resistance ; moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was increased OE‐ compared with WT after infection along higher expression SlRBOHD . Surprisingly, that not bind promoter Further experiments revealed inhibited SlPrx1 by binding its region, thereby decreasing POD enzyme abundance compromised ROS scavenge. Meanwhile, also binds region two immune‐related genes, SlMAPK7 SlRLP4 , promoting their enhancing resistance. Together, our results have unraveled can boost against through quantitatively regulating immune gene expression, thus, providing promising new targets for breeding tomatoes.

Language: Английский

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