Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Sept. 7, 2023

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses (lineage 2.3.4.4b) are rapidly invading the Americas, threatening wildlife, poultry, and potentially evolving into next global pandemic. In November 2022 HPAI arrived in Peru, triggering massive pelican sea lion die-offs. We report genomic characterization of HPAI/H5N1 five species marine mammals seabirds (dolphins, lions, sanderlings, pelicans cormorants). Peruvian belong to lineage 2.3.4.4b, but they 4:4 reassortants where 4 segments (PA, HA, NA MP) position within Eurasian that initially entered North America from Eurasia, while other (PB2, PB1, NP NS) American (clade C) circulated America. These accruing mutations, including mutations concern, warrant further examination highlight an urgent need for active local surveillance manage outbreaks limit spillover species, humans.

Language: Английский

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H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: Introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021–April 2022

Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 587, P. 109860 - 109860

Published: Aug. 2, 2023

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage H5 clade 2.3.4.4b continue to have a devastating effect on domestic and wild birds. Full genome sequence analyses using 1369 H5N1 HPAIVs detected in United States (U.S.) birds, commercial poultry, backyard flocks from December 2021 April 2022, showed three phylogenetically distinct virus introductions U.S. by Unreassorted Eurasian genotypes A1 A2 entered Northeast Atlantic states, whereas genetically A3 genotype was Alaska. The spread westward via bird migration reassorted with North American viruses. Reassortments up five internal genes generated total 21 clusters; these, six represented 92% examined. By phylodynamic analyses, most detections birds were shown be point-source transmissions limited farm-to-farm spread.

Language: Английский

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) H5N1 infection in two European grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) with encephalitis

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2)

Published: Sept. 8, 2023

Recent reports documenting sporadic infections in carnivorous mammals worldwide with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have raised concerns about the potential risk of adaptation to sustained transmission mammals, including humans. We report infection two grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from coastal waters The Netherlands and Germany December 2022 February 2023, respectively. Histological immunohistochemical investigations showed both animals a non-suppurative necrotising encephalitis viral antigen restricted neuroparenchyma. Whole genome sequencing presence HPAIV strains brain tissue, which were closely related sympatric viruses. Viral RNA was also detected lung seal by real-time quantitative PCR. No other organs tested positive. mammalian PB2-E627K mutation identified approximately 40% population present tissue German seal. Retrospective screening for nucleoprotein-specific antibodies, sera collected 251 sampled this region 2020 did not show evidence A virus-specific antibodies. Similarly, reverse transcription PCR tissues 101 that had died along Dutch coast period 2020–2021, infection. Collectively, these results indicate individual are sporadically infected HPAIV-H5N1 2.3.4.4b, resulting an absence systemic infection, no thus far onward spread between seals.

Language: Английский

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High number of HPAI H5 virus infections and antibodies in wild carnivores in the Netherlands, 2020–2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2)

Published: Oct. 16, 2023

In October 2020, a new lineage of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus the H5 subtype emerged in Europe, resulting largest global outbreak to date, with unprecedented mortality wild birds and poultry. The appears have become enzootic birds, continuously yielding novel variants. recently increased abundance infected worldwide increases probability bird-mammal contact, particularly carnivores. Here, we performed molecular serological screening over 500 dead carnivores sequencing RNA positive materials. We show virological evidence for infection 0.8%, 1.4%, 9.9% animals tested 2021, 2022 respectively, highest proportion positives foxes, polecats stone martens. obtained near full genomes 7 viruses detected PB2 amino acid substitutions known play role mammalian adaptation three sequences. Infections were also found without neurological signs or mortality. Serological was 20% study population. These findings suggests that high is but undetected current surveillance programmes. recommend susceptible mammals, irrespective encephalitis.

Language: Английский

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Lesions and viral antigen distribution in bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls naturally infected with H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Veterinary Pathology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 61(3), P. 410 - 420

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

An epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) began in North America the winter 2021. The introduced Eurasian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus subsequently reassorted with American strains. This postmortem study describes lesions and A antigen distribution 3 species raptors, including bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus, n = 6), red-tailed hawks Buteo jamaicensis, 9), great horned owls Bubo virginianus, 8), naturally infected this strain based on positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction sequencing results from oropharyngeal swabs. birds presented severe neurologic signs either died or were euthanized because severity their clinical suspected infection. Gross uncommon included forebrain hemorrhages 2 eagles, myocarditis 1 hawk, multifocal pancreatic necrosis owls. Histological common encephalitis, myocarditis, pancreas necrosis, adrenal histiocytic splenitis, anterior uveitis decreasing frequency. Influenza viral was detected brain, heart, pancreas, gland, kidney, spleen, liver, eye. In conclusion, hawks, HPAI showing neurological illness may develop fatal disease histologically detectable brain that are frequently for antigen.

Language: Английский

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Descriptive epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in British Columbia (B.C.) and the Yukon, Canada, September 2022 to June 2023

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 15, 2024

Surveillance data from wildlife and poultry was used to describe the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in British Columbia (B.C.) Yukon, Canada September 2022 - June 2023 compared first "wave" outbreak this region, which occurred April August 2022, after initial viral introduction. Although number HPAI-positive farms samples greater "Wave 2", cases were more tightly clustered southwestern B.C. most commonly affected species differed, likely due an influx overwintering waterfowl area. Eight HPAI genetic clusters, representing seven genotypes two inter-continental incursions, detected, with significant variation relative abundance each cluster between waves. Phylogenetic suggests multiple spillover events wild birds mammals but could not rule out transmission among mammals.

Language: Английский

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The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019–2023

Global Medical Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(03), P. 200 - 213

Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges global poultry industry public health recent years. This study aimed elucidate HPAIVs during 2019 2023. Specifically, we assess alarming spread continuous evolution HPAIVs. Moreover, discuss their transmission prevention strategies provide valuable references for future control measures against AIVs.

Language: Английский

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Molecular detection and characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild birds provides evidence for three independent introductions into Alaska

Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 589, P. 109938 - 109938

Published: Nov. 10, 2023

We detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild waterfowl inhabiting western Alaska during September–October 2022 using a molecular sequencing pipeline applied to RNA extracts derived directly from original swab samples. Genomic characterization of 10 H5 clade 2.3.4.4b with high confidence provided evidence for three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our results highlight the utility some potential limits applying processing approaches samples research monitoring.

Language: Английский

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Structure of a zoonotic H5N1 hemagglutinin reveals a receptor-binding site occupied by an auto-glycan

Structure, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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High number of HPAI H5 Virus Infections and Antibodies in Wild Carnivores in the Netherlands, 2020-2022

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 12, 2023

Abstract In October 2020, a new lineage of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus the H5 subtype emerged in Europe, resulting largest global outbreak to date, with unprecedented mortality wild birds and poultry. The appears have become enzootic birds, continuously yielding novel variants. recently increased abundance infected worldwide increases probability bird-mammal contact, particularly carnivores. Here, we performed molecular serological screening over 500 dead carnivores for infection sequencing positive materials. We show virological evidence 0.8%, 1.4% 9.9% animals tested 2021 2022 respectively, highest proportion positives foxes, polecats stone martens. obtained near full genome sequences seven viruses detected PB2 amino acid substitutions known play role mammalian adaptation three these. Infections were also found without associated neurological signs or mortality. Serological was 20% study population. These findings suggest that higher number are but undetected current surveillance programs. recommend susceptible mammals, irrespective presence encephalitis.

Language: Английский

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