Biological roles of glycans

Glycobiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 3 - 49

Published: Aug. 24, 2016

Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding host glycans has also studied for decades. But such can only explain some of the remarkable complexity organismal diversity nature. Reviewing subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances glycan-recognition-specific that were intrinsic value organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion examples, this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, historical overview presented, broad principles outlined examples cited, representing diverse types roles, mediated by various glycan classes, different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged fact while all theories regarding are supported compelling evidence, exceptions each found. retrospect, not surprising. Complex appear ubiquitous cells nature, essential life forms. Thus, >3 billion years evolution consistently generated organisms use these molecules many key even sometimes coopting them minor functions. respect, no from other macromolecular building blocks (nucleic acids, proteins lipids), simply more rapidly evolving complex. It time functional fully incorporated into mainstream sciences.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 461 - 478

Published: May 23, 2019

Language: Английский

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Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 20 - 32

Published: Oct. 26, 2015

Language: Английский

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Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners?

Gut, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 69(12), P. 2232 - 2243

Published: Sept. 11, 2020

The gastrointestinal tract is often considered as a key organ involved in the digestion of food and providing nutrients to body for proper maintenance. However, this system composed organs that are extremely complex. Among different parts, intestine viewed an incredible surface contact with environment colonised by hundreds trillions gut microbes. role barrier has been studied decades, but exact mechanisms protection various complementary. them, integrity mucus one first lines tract. In past, 'slimy' partner was mostly simple lubricant facilitating progression bolus stools gut. Since then, researchers have made important progress, currently, regulation gaining increasing attention from scientific community. factors influencing barrier, microbiome plays major driving changes. Additionally, our dietary habits (ie, high-fat diet, low-fibre/high-fibre additives, pre- probiotics) influence at levels. Given layer linked appearance diseases, knowledge highly warranted. Here, we debate aspects focusing on its chemical composition, synthesis degradation microbiota well some characteristics both physiological pathological situations.

Language: Английский

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The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease

Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 821 - 834

Published: June 26, 2017

Introduction: The gastrointestinal mucosa constitutes a critical barrier where millions of microbes and environmental antigens come in close contact with the host immune system. Intestinal defects have been associated broad range diseases therefore denote new therapeutic target.Areas covered: This review is based on an extensive literature search PubMed how intestinal contributes to health as trigger for disease. It discusses anatomy explains available methods evaluate its function. Also reviewed importance diet lifestyle factors function, three prototypes chronic (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) that linked are discussed.Expert commentary: has investigated by various methods, but correlation results across studies difficult, representing major shortcoming field. New upcoming techniques research effect barrier-restoring therapeutics may improve our current understanding gut barrier, provide step forward towards personalised medicine.

Language: Английский

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Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans

Gut, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 68(8), P. 1516 - 1526

Published: May 10, 2019

The objectives of this review on ‘leaky gut’ for clinicians are to discuss the components intestinal barrier, diverse measurements permeability, their perturbation in non-inflammatory ‘stressed states’ and impact treatment with dietary factors. Information ‘healthy’ or ‘leaky’ gut public domain requires confirmation before endorsing exclusions, replacement non-irritating foods (such as fermented foods) use supplements repair damage. barrier includes surface mucus, epithelial layer immune defences. Epithelial permeability results from increased paracellular transport, apoptosis transcellular permeability. Barrier function can be tested vivo using orally administered probe molecules vitro mucosal biopsies humans, exposing colonic mucosa rats mice cell layers extracts stool human patients. Assessment beyond layer. ‘Stress’ disorders such endurance exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administration, pregnancy surfactants bile acids factors emulsifiers) increase Dietary reverse leakiness damage ‘stress’ disorders. Whereas inflammatory ulcerating diseases result leaky gut, no disease cured by simply normalising function. It is still unproven that restoring ameliorate clinical manifestations GI systemic diseases. Clinicians should aware potential dysfunction a target future therapy.

Language: Английский

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The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 32(1), P. 9 - 25

Published: Nov. 24, 2017

The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut all mammals. Studies in humans other mammals have implicated range physiologic processes are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, epithelial health, immunologic activity, neurobehavioral development. microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those organism alone, making an active participant physiology. Recent advances DNA sequencing technology computational biology revolutionized field microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation relationships between animal its symbionts. Changes associated with diseases animals inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, syndrome, cardiovascular immune‐mediated conditions, neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains paucity data regarding intestinal small animals, recent studies helped characterize role disease states. This review intended familiarize veterinarians microbiomics prime them for future which diagnostic tests therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiome: Connecting Spatial Organization to Function

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 433 - 442

Published: April 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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The biology of mucus: Composition, synthesis and organization

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 124, P. 3 - 15

Published: Sept. 30, 2017

Language: Английский

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Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: May 22, 2017

The intestinal epithelial lining, together with factors secreted from it, forms a barrier that separates the host environment. In pathologic conditions, permeability of lining may be compromised allowing passage toxins, antigens, and bacteria in lumen to enter blood stream creating "leaky gut." individuals genetic predisposition, leaky gut allow environmental body trigger initiation development autoimmune disease. Growing evidence shows microbiota is important supporting therefore plays key role regulation body. Several recent reports have shown probiotics can reverse by enhancing production tight junction proteins; however, additional longer-term studies are still required. Conversely, pathogenic facilitate induce symptoms ameliorated use antibiotic treatment. Therefore, it hypothesized modulating serve as potential method for regulating help alter course diseases susceptible individuals.

Language: Английский

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