Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration

BMJ Open Ophthalmology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. e000146 - e000146

Published: April 1, 2018

Digital device usage has increased substantially in recent years across all age groups, so that extensive daily use for both social and professional purposes is now normal. eye strain (DES), also known as computer vision syndrome, encompasses a range of ocular visual symptoms, estimates suggest its prevalence may be 50% or more among users. Symptoms fall into two main categories: those linked to accommodative binocular stress, external symptoms dry eye. Although are typically transient, they frequent persistent, have an economic impact when vocational users affected. DES identified measured using one several available questionnaires, objective evaluations parameters such critical flicker-fusion frequency, blink rate completeness, function pupil characteristics used provide indices fatigue. Correlations between subjective measures not always apparent. A management approaches exist including correction refractive error and/or presbyopia, eye, incorporating regular screen breaks consideration vergence problems. Recently, authors explored the putative role blue light-filtering spectacle lenses on treating DES, with mixed results. Given high near-universal digital devices, it essential care practitioners able advice options based quality research evidence.

Language: Английский

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The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

Journal of Biophotonics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(12)

Published: Aug. 21, 2019

Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus to solar 24-hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are strongest synchronizing agent for circadian system that keeps most and psychological rhythms internally synchronized. Circadian rhythm is important optimum function organisms sleep-wake disruptions or chronic misalignment often may lead psychiatric neurodegenerative illness. The beneficial effect on synchronization, sleep quality, mood, cognitive performance depends not only spectral composition but also timing exposure its intensity. Exposure during day suppress melatonin secretion, hormone produced by pineal gland plays crucial role entrainment. While keeping organism's wellbeing, alertness, day, low-intensity directly before bedtime, have serious implications phase cycle durations. This rises inevitably need solutions improve today's modern society where emitting devices ever increasing.

Language: Английский

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Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 38(3), P. 217 - 245

Published: April 24, 2018

Abstract Purpose Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases in myopia prevalence, robust biologically‐based clinical therapies to normalize refractive development childhood needed. Here, we review classic contemporary literature about how circadian biology might provide clues develop a framework improve understanding of etiology, possibly lead rational approaches ameliorate errors developing children. Recent findings Increasing evidence implicates diurnal rhythms error development. In both humans animals, ocular length other anatomical physiological features undergo oscillations. Systemically, such primarily generated by ‘master clock’ surpachiasmatic nucleus, which receives input from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ip RGC s) through activation photopigment melanopsin. The retina also has an endogenous clock. laboratory animals experimental myopia, oscillations parameters perturbed. Retinal signaling is now believed influence development; dopamine, important neurotransmitter found retina, not only entrains intrinsic light:dark cycle, but it modulates Circadian clocks comprise transcription/translation feedback control mechanism utilizing so‐called clock genes that have been associated with ametropias. Contemporary research reviving ideas first proposed nineteenth century light exposures impact refraction As result, properties ambient lighting being investigated areas medical science, dysregulation thought many non‐ocular disorders, likely because patterns modern artificial exert adverse effects on pacemakers. How, or if, contribute known. Summary premise this could be productive area worthy increased investigation, improved therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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A bidirectional model of sleep and technology use: A theoretical review of How much, for whom, and which mechanisms

Sleep Medicine Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 76, P. 101933 - 101933

Published: April 15, 2024

The link between technology and sleep is more complex than originally thought. In this updated theoretical review, we propose a new model informed by the growing body of evidence in area over past 10 years. main change addition bi-directional links use problems. We begin reviewing to date for proposed mechanisms bright light, arousal, nighttime disruptions, displacement. Then, support direction effect (sleep problems preceding use), two mechanisms: before might be used as time filler and/or an emotional regulation strategy facilitate sleep-onset process. Finally, present potential moderators association sleep, recognition protective vulnerability factors that may mitigate or exacerbate effects on vice versa. goal review update field, guide future public health messages, prompt research into how much affect each other, whom it problematic, which explain their association.

Language: Английский

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Ocular and systemic melatonin and the influence of light exposure

Clinical and Experimental Optometry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 102(2), P. 99 - 108

Published: Aug. 7, 2018

Melatonin is a neurohormone known to modulate wide range of circadian functions, including sleep. The synthesis and release melatonin from the pineal gland heavily influenced by light stimulation retina, particularly through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. also synthesised within eye, although much lesser extent than in gland. acts directly on ocular structures mediate variety diurnal rhythms physiological processes eye. interactions between melatonin, visual function have been subject considerable body recent research. This review intended provide broad introduction for eye‐care practitioners researchers topic first half describes anatomy physiology production: how inputs affect production melatonin; involved photoreceptor disc shedding, neuronal sensitivity, intraocular pressure control; roles ciliary body, lens cornea. second clinical implications light/melatonin interactions. These include exposure contributions suppression, leading consideration blue blockers, cataract, therapy might sleep mood patients. Additionally, refractive error development are discussed. A better understanding environmental factors that subsequent effects will allow clinicians develop treatments recommend modifiable behaviours improve sleep, increase daytime alertness, regulate systemic related melatonin.

Language: Английский

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Light Modulation of Human Clocks, Wake, and Sleep

Clocks & Sleep, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 193 - 208

Published: March 13, 2019

Light, through its non-imaging forming effects, plays a dominant role on myriad of physiological functions, including the human sleep-wake cycle. The non-image effects light heavily rely specific properties such as intensity, duration, timing, pattern, and wavelengths. Here, we address how influence sleep wakefulness in humans acute e.g., alertness, and/or circadian timing system. Of critical relevance, discuss different characteristics exposure across 24-h day can lead to changes propensity, architecture, wake electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. Ultimately, knowledge affects improve settings at home workplace health well-being optimize treatments chronobiological disorders.

Language: Английский

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Light Pollution and Oxidative Stress: Effects on Retina and Human Health

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 362 - 362

Published: March 18, 2024

Visible light refers to the frequencies within electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see, encompassing radiation with wavelengths falling between 380 nm 760 nm. The energy of a single photon increases its frequency. In retina, photoreceptor cells contain light-sensitive pigments absorb and convert it into electrical stimuli through process known as phototransduction. However, since absorption photoreceptors closely aligns blue (ranging from 400 500 nm), exposure high intensities or continuous illumination result in oxidative stress these cells, leading loss their functionality. Apart retina also houses photosensitive ganglion intrinsically retinal (ipRGCs). These relay information suprachiasmatic nucleus brain, playing crucial role modulating melatonin secretion, which turn helps synchronizing body’s circadian rhythms responses seasonal changes. Both, ipRGCs skin possess peak sensitivity wavelengths, rendering them particularly susceptible effects excessive exposure. This study delves consequences and/or prolonged on function explores implications for human health.

Language: Английский

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Circadian regulation in the retina: From molecules to network

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 194 - 216

Published: Oct. 1, 2018

The mammalian retina is the most unique tissue among those that display robust circadian/diurnal oscillations. not only a light sensing relays information to brain, it has its own circadian "system" independent from any influence other oscillators. While all retinal cells and pigment epithelium (RPE) possess oscillators, these oscillators integrate by means of neural synapses, electrical coupling (gap junctions), released neurochemicals (such as dopamine, melatonin, adenosine, ATP), so whole functions an integrated system. Dysregulation clocks causes or ocular diseases, also impacts rhythm body, transmitted entrains brain clock governs body rhythms. In this review, how oscillations in various are integrated, diseases affect daily

Language: Английский

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Ocular and Systemic Diurnal Rhythms in Emmetropic and Myopic Adults

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 60(6), P. 2237 - 2237

Published: May 21, 2019

To investigate ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in emmetropic myopic adults examine relationships with light exposure.Adult subjects (n = 42, 22-41 years) underwent measurements every 4 hours for 24 hours, including blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, intraocular pressure (IOP), biometry, optical coherence tomography imaging. Mean perfusion (MOPP) was calculated. Saliva collected melatonin cortisol analysis. Acrophase amplitude each parameter were compared between refractive error groups. Subjects wore a light, sleep, activity monitor 1 week before measurements.All parameters exhibited significant rhythm (ANOVA, P < 0.05 all). Choroidal thickness peaked at 2.42 variation of 25.8 ± 13.44 μm. Axial length 12.96 35.71 6.6 Melatonin 3.19 during the dark period, while after onset 8.86 hours. IOP 11.24 4.92 1.57 mm Hg, antiphase MOPP, which 22.02 Amplitudes daily variations not correlated exposure, significantly different emmetropes myopes, except temperature MOPP.Diurnal observed young adults; however, these associated habitual exposure. Emmetropic groups showed small but differences other patterns similar.

Language: Английский

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Evening wear of blue-blocking glasses for sleep and mood disorders: a systematic review

Chronobiology International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 38(10), P. 1375 - 1383

Published: May 24, 2021

Blue-blocking glasses, also known as amber are plastic glasses that primarily block blue light. have been studied a sleep intervention for insomnia, delayed sleep-phase disorder, shift work, jet lag, and nonpathologic improvement. treatment bipolar major depression, postpartum depression. improve by inducing dim-light melatonin onset reducing activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) which most sensitive to light input circadian regulation; their mechanism mood regulation is unclear but may be similar dark therapy disorder where patients kept in darkness an extended period every night. A systematic search the scientific literature identified total 29 experimental publications involving evening wear blue-blocking or disorders. These consisted 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published journals with 453 patients, 5 uncontrolled trials, 1 case series, study, 6 abstracts from conference proceedings. Only study RCT were acutely manic both found substantial decreases symptoms use glasses; these give preliminary clinical evidence efficacy makes high-yield disorder. Findings 3 depression heterogeneous conflicting efficacy. Out 24 focusing on sleep, there was being successful latency disorders, variable work schedules. Given well-established biological research showing effective they viable recommend insomnia phase.

Language: Английский

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